University of IsfahanStrategic Research on Social Problems3041-86234120150823017125FAJournal Article20160614https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_17125_7baff3bd3fbe0f586d5d678de3cf09b1.pdfUniversity of IsfahanStrategic Research on Social Problems3041-86234120150823An Investigation of the Relationship between Social Skills and High Risk Behaviors among the Youth: the Case of Shiraz CityAn Investigation of the Relationship between Social Skills and High Risk Behaviors among the Youth: the Case of Shiraz City12417124FAHabibAhmadiProfessor, Department of Sociology, Shiraz University, IranMehdiMoeiniPh.D. student of Sociology, Shiraz University, IranJournal Article20160614<strong>Introduction</strong>
A young population and delayed socialization for a new world order in the transitional society of Iran, has led to the development of adolescent and youth delinquency. In this context, young people who cannot direct their desires in a normal channel may turn into deviant and delinquent behaviors (Mohammadi asl, 2006: 11). This study considers serious delinquent behaviors which are named as high-risk behaviors, namely, behaviors that increase probability of physical, psychological and social negative consequences (Zadeh Mohammadi & AhmadAbadi, 2008: 88-89). Major causes of death and disease in industrialized and developing countries refer to relatively limited number of high-risk behaviors which are mostly begin from teen and young ages (Anteghini et al. 2001: 1). Teens and young adults are one of the important groups exposed to high-risk behaviors such as AIDS (Mozafarzadeh & Vahdaninia, 2008), suicide (Aliverdinia et al. 2011), sexual activities, violence and drugs (Baskin-Sommers & Sommers, 2006; Flisher & Chalton, 2001). Since social, family and economic factors play an important role in directing behavioral patterns of individuals, particularly adolescents and youth, if these factors do not play a desirable role, adolescents and youth experience challenge and pressures derived from these challenges and difficulties, may attract them towards high-risk behaviors (Barikani, 2008: 192-193). Occurrence and prevalence of high-risk behaviors among adolescents and youth is a result of disruption of social mechanisms and is due to several factors. One of these factors is social skills, which are essential elements of social life and the enjoyment of it can play an important role in deterring high-risk behaviors, especially among youth, because youth age is a period of transition accompanied by various crises. Social Skills are learned adaptive behaviors that enable individuals to interact with different people, expressing positive reactions and avoiding behaviors with negative consequences (Kartledge & Milbern, 1990). Lack of social skills may lead to behaviors such as delinquency, maladjustment, poor educational performance (Nasr Esfahani et al. 2005), drug abuse and addiction (Ghassemzadeh et al. 2007). Having social skills provide context for participation of individuals in the community and help them represent effective social reactions in confronting with really difficult social situations. In fact, social skills, transform people's potential abilities to actual ones and are essential to create, maintain and organize human relationships.
<strong><br clear="all" /> </strong>
<strong>Material & Methods</strong>
This research is based on quantitative approach and survey method to collect data and information. Research instrument in this study is questionnaire, consisting of two main parts: The first part of the questions is about the social-economic characteristics of the subjects and the second part is a set of questions measuring (1): four elements of social control (attachment, commitment, involvement and belief), (2): social skills and (3): high-risk behaviors. The validity and reliability of this scale has been designed and evaluated by researchers. Research population include all 15-29 year old youth in Shiraz, whose number in 1390 year, was 477,287 people. In this study, a sample of 600 individuals were determined by using Lin table (Lin, 1978). So the data was collected from 600 cases, and was analyzed using SPSS software.
<strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusions</strong>
The results of the study showed that there were significant relationships between income, attachment, commitment, involvement, belief, social skills and high risk behaviors. There were also significant relationships between sex, marital status, social class and family structure with high-risk behaviors. Nevertheless, there were no significant relationships between age, education and high-risk behaviors. What should be considered here is that the incidence of high risk behaviors is higher among men than women, among unmarried than married, among the lower class than the middle and high classes, and among those who live independently or with their mothers.
The theoretical framework of this study is based on Hirschi’s theory of social control. Control theories assume that delinquent behavior is actually because of the absence of something internal or external to the individual. That something is a constraining or controlling factor (Shoemaker, 2009: 122). Hirschi’s social control theory, also known as social bond theory, proposes that juveniles develop attachments to various parts of their social world, and these attachments, or bonds, help deter them from committing acts of crime and delinquency (Ibid: 125). In this theory, the relationship between high-risk behaviors and three institutions of family, school and religion is considered. Correlation coefficients between these variables and high-risk behaviors showed that all four variables (attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief), have inverse and significant relationships with high-risk behaviors. This indicates that the more attachment to family and friends, commitment to the norms, participation in various activities and belief to moral principles, the less commitment to high-risk behaviors by the juveniles. In other words, the more degree of social control on people, either officially or unofficially, the less high-risk behaviors. Thus, role of institutions such as the family, school and religion in explaining delinquency or high-risk behaviors should be considered. In particular, in relation to social skills, these institutions also have a profound impact. Because these institutions are extremely influential to internalize normal behavior and social skills for adolescents and the youth. So they perform a strong deterrent role in committing high-risk behaviors.
Regression equation showed that the four elements that Hirschi's social control theory suggest that the elements of commitment and belief were entered in the first and third stages of the regression equation. Gender and social skills were also entered into the regression equation.
Deficit social skills for normal behavior lead to high-risk behaviors. Based on the results, there were a moderate inverse relationship between social skills and high risk behaviors. People equipped with social skills, are enable to represent appropriate and rational reactions in different situations, and avoid behaviors that are dangerous with harmful consequences.
Social skills trainings help at-risk youth to develop techniques for creating or maintaining positive social relationships with family members, peers, and teachers. Social skills training can have long-term effects associated with preventing anti-social behaviors among young people (Heilbrun et al. 2005). Thus, considering this category of skills can be very effective in reducing high risk behaviors.<strong>Introduction</strong>
A young population and delayed socialization for a new world order in the transitional society of Iran, has led to the development of adolescent and youth delinquency. In this context, young people who cannot direct their desires in a normal channel may turn into deviant and delinquent behaviors (Mohammadi asl, 2006: 11). This study considers serious delinquent behaviors which are named as high-risk behaviors, namely, behaviors that increase probability of physical, psychological and social negative consequences (Zadeh Mohammadi & AhmadAbadi, 2008: 88-89). Major causes of death and disease in industrialized and developing countries refer to relatively limited number of high-risk behaviors which are mostly begin from teen and young ages (Anteghini et al. 2001: 1). Teens and young adults are one of the important groups exposed to high-risk behaviors such as AIDS (Mozafarzadeh & Vahdaninia, 2008), suicide (Aliverdinia et al. 2011), sexual activities, violence and drugs (Baskin-Sommers & Sommers, 2006; Flisher & Chalton, 2001). Since social, family and economic factors play an important role in directing behavioral patterns of individuals, particularly adolescents and youth, if these factors do not play a desirable role, adolescents and youth experience challenge and pressures derived from these challenges and difficulties, may attract them towards high-risk behaviors (Barikani, 2008: 192-193). Occurrence and prevalence of high-risk behaviors among adolescents and youth is a result of disruption of social mechanisms and is due to several factors. One of these factors is social skills, which are essential elements of social life and the enjoyment of it can play an important role in deterring high-risk behaviors, especially among youth, because youth age is a period of transition accompanied by various crises. Social Skills are learned adaptive behaviors that enable individuals to interact with different people, expressing positive reactions and avoiding behaviors with negative consequences (Kartledge & Milbern, 1990). Lack of social skills may lead to behaviors such as delinquency, maladjustment, poor educational performance (Nasr Esfahani et al. 2005), drug abuse and addiction (Ghassemzadeh et al. 2007). Having social skills provide context for participation of individuals in the community and help them represent effective social reactions in confronting with really difficult social situations. In fact, social skills, transform people's potential abilities to actual ones and are essential to create, maintain and organize human relationships.
<strong><br clear="all" /> </strong>
<strong>Material & Methods</strong>
This research is based on quantitative approach and survey method to collect data and information. Research instrument in this study is questionnaire, consisting of two main parts: The first part of the questions is about the social-economic characteristics of the subjects and the second part is a set of questions measuring (1): four elements of social control (attachment, commitment, involvement and belief), (2): social skills and (3): high-risk behaviors. The validity and reliability of this scale has been designed and evaluated by researchers. Research population include all 15-29 year old youth in Shiraz, whose number in 1390 year, was 477,287 people. In this study, a sample of 600 individuals were determined by using Lin table (Lin, 1978). So the data was collected from 600 cases, and was analyzed using SPSS software.
<strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusions</strong>
The results of the study showed that there were significant relationships between income, attachment, commitment, involvement, belief, social skills and high risk behaviors. There were also significant relationships between sex, marital status, social class and family structure with high-risk behaviors. Nevertheless, there were no significant relationships between age, education and high-risk behaviors. What should be considered here is that the incidence of high risk behaviors is higher among men than women, among unmarried than married, among the lower class than the middle and high classes, and among those who live independently or with their mothers.
The theoretical framework of this study is based on Hirschi’s theory of social control. Control theories assume that delinquent behavior is actually because of the absence of something internal or external to the individual. That something is a constraining or controlling factor (Shoemaker, 2009: 122). Hirschi’s social control theory, also known as social bond theory, proposes that juveniles develop attachments to various parts of their social world, and these attachments, or bonds, help deter them from committing acts of crime and delinquency (Ibid: 125). In this theory, the relationship between high-risk behaviors and three institutions of family, school and religion is considered. Correlation coefficients between these variables and high-risk behaviors showed that all four variables (attachment, commitment, involvement, and belief), have inverse and significant relationships with high-risk behaviors. This indicates that the more attachment to family and friends, commitment to the norms, participation in various activities and belief to moral principles, the less commitment to high-risk behaviors by the juveniles. In other words, the more degree of social control on people, either officially or unofficially, the less high-risk behaviors. Thus, role of institutions such as the family, school and religion in explaining delinquency or high-risk behaviors should be considered. In particular, in relation to social skills, these institutions also have a profound impact. Because these institutions are extremely influential to internalize normal behavior and social skills for adolescents and the youth. So they perform a strong deterrent role in committing high-risk behaviors.
Regression equation showed that the four elements that Hirschi's social control theory suggest that the elements of commitment and belief were entered in the first and third stages of the regression equation. Gender and social skills were also entered into the regression equation.
Deficit social skills for normal behavior lead to high-risk behaviors. Based on the results, there were a moderate inverse relationship between social skills and high risk behaviors. People equipped with social skills, are enable to represent appropriate and rational reactions in different situations, and avoid behaviors that are dangerous with harmful consequences.
Social skills trainings help at-risk youth to develop techniques for creating or maintaining positive social relationships with family members, peers, and teachers. Social skills training can have long-term effects associated with preventing anti-social behaviors among young people (Heilbrun et al. 2005). Thus, considering this category of skills can be very effective in reducing high risk behaviors.https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_17124_81b47fe0213cd900d0432b7e1106dfc8.pdfUniversity of IsfahanStrategic Research on Social Problems3041-86234120150823A Study of Some Modernity's Factors Effective on Women’s Tendency toward Divorce (Research Subjects: Married Women in Zanjan)A Study of Some Modernity's Factors Effective on Women’s Tendency toward Divorce (Research Subjects: Married Women in Zanjan)254417119FAMohammadAbbaszadehAssociate Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Tabriz, IranHamedSaeidi AtaeiLecturer, Department of Sociology, University of Tabriz, IranZahraAfshariM.A. in Sociology, University of Tabriz, IraJournal Article20160614<strong>Introduction</strong>
Social developments globally have brought numerous changes for the family system, so families are increasingly exposed to the risk of disintegration. Like other societies, in Iran besides the official statistics of divorce, there are separated lives in which the couple live together only physically; although they get emotionally separated as the time passes, they do not get a divorce due to cultural, traditional and even legal reasons. These cases describe the condition which is called tendency towards divorce in this research. Ferdinand Tonnies, a German sociologist, considers modernity as a movement through interpersonal bonds of «community» toward Individualism or invisible and unknown individuality of «society». By bringing up the contrast between «altruism» and «egoism», Durkheim believes that in «egoism», the activity and the beliefs of individual prefers to social bonds and there is little bond between the individual and the society, disrupting the balance between the individual and the society; on the other hand, «altruism» refers to a condition in which a severe connection exists to the beneficiary of society. Also, Anthony Giddens believes modernity has three characteristics (local cross human relationships, dominance of abstract systems and symbolic signs) and finally, the reflecting quality of modernity, of whose consequences are self-criticism or the formation of personal identity, realization of self and self-reflection, these characteristics separate modernity from pre-modern and traditional system and relations. In fact, Giddens and other intellectuals like Toffler and Turner believe globalization, the situation where events and incidents influence remote locations in a short time, is one of the most influential elements in the family system at the modern era. According to Turner, "the family” as a social institution faces increasing contradictions within the process of globalization; there is an essence for women’s economic participation in family on the one hand and the tendency toward motherhood on the other. Intimacy and close-knit relationships with children, and spouse, wouldn’t be easily created when both parents are in full employment. These issues cause tensions at the family level, one of whose consequences is an increase in the number of divorces.
<strong> </strong>
<strong><br clear="all" /> </strong>
<strong>Materials & Methods</strong>
The method of this study is survey which uses a researcher-made questionnaire as its data-collecting instrument. Research population includes all women of Zanjan in three regions of the city from whom 400 cases were chosen using cluster multistage sampling method. Finally, the gathered data was analyzed through SPSS software.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Discussion of Results and Conclusion</strong>
The results of the study show that there is a significant and direct relationship between tendency towards divorce with individualism and its dimensions, including the growth of rationality (free choice), changes of society's norms (the negative view toward women’s housekeeping) and changing people's attitudes toward emotional and sentimental relationships with the opposite sex). There is a significant and direct relationship between changing society's norms and women’s tendency in emotional dimension with tendency toward getting a divorce. According to Pearson regression test, there is an internal relationship among independent factors of the model. Also, multivariate analysis showed that only individualism has a direct influence on probability of getting a divorce.
Two other factors, have a direct influence just on behavioral dimension of the variable tendency toward getting divorce. The point is that modernism is not a single global prescription. But each country has its own version of modernism according to their appropriate cultural and social values. The problems reveals when modernism is not compatible with behavior. It means that traditional regnant thoughts are featured as opponents of modernism and we show strong defiance against basic and legitimate changes. These conflicts can make so many basic tensions in peoples` social life and especially in their matrimonial relationships and inside their family, leaving the only solution for that to be a divorce. So, it can be said that modernism can affect all cultures and in some cases it makes ruptures in the family.<strong>Introduction</strong>
Social developments globally have brought numerous changes for the family system, so families are increasingly exposed to the risk of disintegration. Like other societies, in Iran besides the official statistics of divorce, there are separated lives in which the couple live together only physically; although they get emotionally separated as the time passes, they do not get a divorce due to cultural, traditional and even legal reasons. These cases describe the condition which is called tendency towards divorce in this research. Ferdinand Tonnies, a German sociologist, considers modernity as a movement through interpersonal bonds of «community» toward Individualism or invisible and unknown individuality of «society». By bringing up the contrast between «altruism» and «egoism», Durkheim believes that in «egoism», the activity and the beliefs of individual prefers to social bonds and there is little bond between the individual and the society, disrupting the balance between the individual and the society; on the other hand, «altruism» refers to a condition in which a severe connection exists to the beneficiary of society. Also, Anthony Giddens believes modernity has three characteristics (local cross human relationships, dominance of abstract systems and symbolic signs) and finally, the reflecting quality of modernity, of whose consequences are self-criticism or the formation of personal identity, realization of self and self-reflection, these characteristics separate modernity from pre-modern and traditional system and relations. In fact, Giddens and other intellectuals like Toffler and Turner believe globalization, the situation where events and incidents influence remote locations in a short time, is one of the most influential elements in the family system at the modern era. According to Turner, "the family” as a social institution faces increasing contradictions within the process of globalization; there is an essence for women’s economic participation in family on the one hand and the tendency toward motherhood on the other. Intimacy and close-knit relationships with children, and spouse, wouldn’t be easily created when both parents are in full employment. These issues cause tensions at the family level, one of whose consequences is an increase in the number of divorces.
<strong> </strong>
<strong><br clear="all" /> </strong>
<strong>Materials & Methods</strong>
The method of this study is survey which uses a researcher-made questionnaire as its data-collecting instrument. Research population includes all women of Zanjan in three regions of the city from whom 400 cases were chosen using cluster multistage sampling method. Finally, the gathered data was analyzed through SPSS software.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Discussion of Results and Conclusion</strong>
The results of the study show that there is a significant and direct relationship between tendency towards divorce with individualism and its dimensions, including the growth of rationality (free choice), changes of society's norms (the negative view toward women’s housekeeping) and changing people's attitudes toward emotional and sentimental relationships with the opposite sex). There is a significant and direct relationship between changing society's norms and women’s tendency in emotional dimension with tendency toward getting a divorce. According to Pearson regression test, there is an internal relationship among independent factors of the model. Also, multivariate analysis showed that only individualism has a direct influence on probability of getting a divorce.
Two other factors, have a direct influence just on behavioral dimension of the variable tendency toward getting divorce. The point is that modernism is not a single global prescription. But each country has its own version of modernism according to their appropriate cultural and social values. The problems reveals when modernism is not compatible with behavior. It means that traditional regnant thoughts are featured as opponents of modernism and we show strong defiance against basic and legitimate changes. These conflicts can make so many basic tensions in peoples` social life and especially in their matrimonial relationships and inside their family, leaving the only solution for that to be a divorce. So, it can be said that modernism can affect all cultures and in some cases it makes ruptures in the family.https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_17119_f2599000c8c2f42f77597d8e07c2c9bd.pdfUniversity of IsfahanStrategic Research on Social Problems3041-86234120150823A Step toward Construction, Validity and Reliability of Measurement Scale for Students’ Deviant BehaviorsA Step toward Construction, Validity and Reliability of Measurement Scale for Students’ Deviant Behaviors455817118FAAkbarAliverdiniaAssociate Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Mazandaran, Iran0000-0003-0512-7839ErfanYounesiM.A. in Social Sciences Research, University of Mazandaran, IranJournal Article20160614<strong>Introduction</strong>
During the last few decades, all studies carried out on social deviances have encountered some ambiguity in defining deviant behavior. Generally speaking, deviant behavior refers to all acts and attitudes which are in contrast to the expectations of individuals, groups and institutions and are in conflict with the moral principles and common rules of the society, and therefore face legal hindrances or ethical and social disapproval. In addition, such behavior is considered to be abnormal, hurtful, unethical, harmful and blameworthy. Social deviance is a social phenomenon which is relative according to time, place, social position, individuals, different cultures and subcultures, and diverse ideologies and social groups. On the whole, deviant behaviors are those which are not approved by the society; they lie in the category of the community-oriented disorders, implying that such disorders are somewhat optional, in which case they are different than anxiety and mental disorders. In other words, although anxiety disorders and depression are the problems experienced by people, community-oriented disorders and substance abuse are the cases wherein people engage. The major characteristic of such people is that they do not bind themselves by social rules and may even enjoy violating from them. Studentship period plays an important role in job and future social formation due to transition from adolescence and entry to the young age. Student life results from academic, intellectual, scientific, guild, political, social, art, and dormitory-residential experiences, and although it is a super-instructive course which is also encompasses official academic activities, it is restricted to them, and includes such activities as attending clubs, teams, reactions, types of constructive and destructive behaviors, discussions, and student interactions inside and outside the university. In other words, student life is a reflection of the sense of identity, distinctive behavioral patterns, ideal-seeking, curiosities, interactions, and subcultures of students in experiencing living with one another which they share upon entering the university. When it comes to school and university students, deviant behaviors could be consumption of any drugs and addictive substance, vandalism, robbery, sexual perversion and so on. Multiple studies have been conducted on identification of the factors behind emergence and development of deviant behaviors among samples of school and university students in local and international research which undoubtedly point to significance of investigating this matter. Considering the extensiveness of the issue, lack of precision instruments for measuring deviant behaviors shows a gap ignored in the previous research, such that one could claim that in none of the studies carried out in Iran, constructing measurement tools and scales for deviant behaviors and their normalization have not yet been taken into account by the researchers dealing with this area. Of course, each of the tools available for measuring deviant behaviors in different countries have specific features and characteristics and their goals, target population and construction underlying theories are completely different. At the same time, the most important issue is constructing a tool based on definition(s) and instances of deviant behaviors according to the intended context. Another important point is designing and constructing such tools on the base of recent theories of measurement. Since the issue of measuring deviant behaviors and constructing its measurement tools and scales have not seriously considered in Iran thus far, and in view of dire need of the society and various organizations, particularly the Ministry of Science and National Youth Organization, presence of scientific measurement tools which are in agreement with the cultural structure of Iran is demanded more than ever. Therefore, developing the relevant tests given the social culture is necessary and essential so that they assist the authorities, decision-makers, counselors and therapists and thereby one could ultimately prevent or reduce the damages and ills experienced by the students, and accordingly, their families. In view of the foregoing, this paper is primarily aimed at developing a standard tool for measuring students’ deviant behaviors.
<strong><br clear="all" /> </strong>
<strong>Materials and Methods</strong>
The research method in this study is survey and of cross-sectional nature. The statistical population is composed of all male and female students studying in Tehran state-run universities in the academic year 2012-2013, to whom a total of 440 questionnaires were distributed. Once the incomplete questionnaires were eliminated, 416 questionnaires were analyzed. In order to select the research sample random sampling method was used by which Tehran and AllamehTabatabae universities were selected from among the state-run universities located in Tehran. Next, the respondents at each university were selected with access method.
In order to gather the data, self-reporting technique was employed. The initial researcher-developed scale for deviant behaviors deals with some of the instances of such behaviors in six general aspects (substance abuse, use of psychedelia and alcoholic drinks, vandalism, robbery, cheating, aggression and sexual perversion), designed based on Likert scale and its primary form has 26 items out of which, in the item analysis process, the items that had low correlation with the other items of each aspect and were in contrast with them were treated as inappropriate items, and ultimately 21 items were designated as the final form of this scale.
In order to analyze the data, SPSS and Amos software programs, item analysis method (loop), construct validity and content validity (factor analysis) and reliability (computing the coefficient of Cronbach’s<em>a</em> for all items) were adopted. Reliability of the final form of the research scale using Cronbach’s<em>a</em> was put at 0.924.
<strong>Discussion of Results and Conclusion</strong>
According to results of the factor analysis, four factors were identified, namely “substance abuse, use of alcoholic drinks, psychedelia and sexual perversion”, “vandalism and robbery”, “cheating”, and “aggression”. Reliability of this scale was put at 0.924 according to calculation of the Cronbach’s<em>a</em>. According to the research results, one could state that this scale is adequately valid and reliable and the factors originating from the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses can appropriately measure the students’ deviant behaviors.
This scale could be applied by the researchers in humanities research, especially in the area of social science, and may therefore be employed as a tool for determining the students’ weaknesses and strengths with respect to deviant behaviors for the purpose of taking decisions to decrease their deviant behaviors.<strong>Introduction</strong>
During the last few decades, all studies carried out on social deviances have encountered some ambiguity in defining deviant behavior. Generally speaking, deviant behavior refers to all acts and attitudes which are in contrast to the expectations of individuals, groups and institutions and are in conflict with the moral principles and common rules of the society, and therefore face legal hindrances or ethical and social disapproval. In addition, such behavior is considered to be abnormal, hurtful, unethical, harmful and blameworthy. Social deviance is a social phenomenon which is relative according to time, place, social position, individuals, different cultures and subcultures, and diverse ideologies and social groups. On the whole, deviant behaviors are those which are not approved by the society; they lie in the category of the community-oriented disorders, implying that such disorders are somewhat optional, in which case they are different than anxiety and mental disorders. In other words, although anxiety disorders and depression are the problems experienced by people, community-oriented disorders and substance abuse are the cases wherein people engage. The major characteristic of such people is that they do not bind themselves by social rules and may even enjoy violating from them. Studentship period plays an important role in job and future social formation due to transition from adolescence and entry to the young age. Student life results from academic, intellectual, scientific, guild, political, social, art, and dormitory-residential experiences, and although it is a super-instructive course which is also encompasses official academic activities, it is restricted to them, and includes such activities as attending clubs, teams, reactions, types of constructive and destructive behaviors, discussions, and student interactions inside and outside the university. In other words, student life is a reflection of the sense of identity, distinctive behavioral patterns, ideal-seeking, curiosities, interactions, and subcultures of students in experiencing living with one another which they share upon entering the university. When it comes to school and university students, deviant behaviors could be consumption of any drugs and addictive substance, vandalism, robbery, sexual perversion and so on. Multiple studies have been conducted on identification of the factors behind emergence and development of deviant behaviors among samples of school and university students in local and international research which undoubtedly point to significance of investigating this matter. Considering the extensiveness of the issue, lack of precision instruments for measuring deviant behaviors shows a gap ignored in the previous research, such that one could claim that in none of the studies carried out in Iran, constructing measurement tools and scales for deviant behaviors and their normalization have not yet been taken into account by the researchers dealing with this area. Of course, each of the tools available for measuring deviant behaviors in different countries have specific features and characteristics and their goals, target population and construction underlying theories are completely different. At the same time, the most important issue is constructing a tool based on definition(s) and instances of deviant behaviors according to the intended context. Another important point is designing and constructing such tools on the base of recent theories of measurement. Since the issue of measuring deviant behaviors and constructing its measurement tools and scales have not seriously considered in Iran thus far, and in view of dire need of the society and various organizations, particularly the Ministry of Science and National Youth Organization, presence of scientific measurement tools which are in agreement with the cultural structure of Iran is demanded more than ever. Therefore, developing the relevant tests given the social culture is necessary and essential so that they assist the authorities, decision-makers, counselors and therapists and thereby one could ultimately prevent or reduce the damages and ills experienced by the students, and accordingly, their families. In view of the foregoing, this paper is primarily aimed at developing a standard tool for measuring students’ deviant behaviors.
<strong><br clear="all" /> </strong>
<strong>Materials and Methods</strong>
The research method in this study is survey and of cross-sectional nature. The statistical population is composed of all male and female students studying in Tehran state-run universities in the academic year 2012-2013, to whom a total of 440 questionnaires were distributed. Once the incomplete questionnaires were eliminated, 416 questionnaires were analyzed. In order to select the research sample random sampling method was used by which Tehran and AllamehTabatabae universities were selected from among the state-run universities located in Tehran. Next, the respondents at each university were selected with access method.
In order to gather the data, self-reporting technique was employed. The initial researcher-developed scale for deviant behaviors deals with some of the instances of such behaviors in six general aspects (substance abuse, use of psychedelia and alcoholic drinks, vandalism, robbery, cheating, aggression and sexual perversion), designed based on Likert scale and its primary form has 26 items out of which, in the item analysis process, the items that had low correlation with the other items of each aspect and were in contrast with them were treated as inappropriate items, and ultimately 21 items were designated as the final form of this scale.
In order to analyze the data, SPSS and Amos software programs, item analysis method (loop), construct validity and content validity (factor analysis) and reliability (computing the coefficient of Cronbach’s<em>a</em> for all items) were adopted. Reliability of the final form of the research scale using Cronbach’s<em>a</em> was put at 0.924.
<strong>Discussion of Results and Conclusion</strong>
According to results of the factor analysis, four factors were identified, namely “substance abuse, use of alcoholic drinks, psychedelia and sexual perversion”, “vandalism and robbery”, “cheating”, and “aggression”. Reliability of this scale was put at 0.924 according to calculation of the Cronbach’s<em>a</em>. According to the research results, one could state that this scale is adequately valid and reliable and the factors originating from the exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses can appropriately measure the students’ deviant behaviors.
This scale could be applied by the researchers in humanities research, especially in the area of social science, and may therefore be employed as a tool for determining the students’ weaknesses and strengths with respect to deviant behaviors for the purpose of taking decisions to decrease their deviant behaviors.https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_17118_0292455de565d23fbbb08f8117cfa008.pdfUniversity of IsfahanStrategic Research on Social Problems3041-86234120150823A Study of Social Apathy among Students
(The Case of the University of Isfahan)A Study of Social Apathy among Students
(The Case of the University of Isfahan)597817123FAHaramanGhasizadehM.A. in Sociology, University of Isfahan, IranMasoudKianpourAssistant Professor, Department of Sociology, University of Isfahan, IranJournal Article20160614<strong>Introduction </strong>
Social apathy is one of the most unpleasant elements of the modern culture which is defined by an overemphasis on personal preferences and individualistic interests in contemporary urban life and imposes itself as an obstacle in the process of creation and provision of positive social relationships. It also decrease citizens' participation in social affairs, leading to weakness or even blockage of national development. Also, it is considered as absence or suppression of passion, emotion, or excitement. It is therefore creates a negative connotation by which not only is one absent of their own life's situations, but they care even less about the situations of others - even if they can do something about it. Social apathy is a desensitization of humane involvement where society is concerned. Sociologists name factors such as the growth of industry and technology, development of social relationships, rapid growth of the population, fast movements of the population, development of urban culture, closeness of different cultures and subcultures, rationalization of human behavior, the rigid logic f calculation, individualism, weakness of religious institutions and believes, secularism, and destruction of collective and local identities as factors contributing to the increase of this problem and believe that contemporary societies experience a period of crisis in human relations. In their view, in the same way that wide citizens' participation in various spheres of social life is an important perquisite for social, economic, and political development, so is their lack of participation an important factor in staying undeveloped and stagnated. The promise of sociology is to study and explore social problems and issues, providing therefore solutions to get rid of them. Hence in this paper we intend to study social apathy in Isfahan city as the second largest metropolitan city in Iran and among university students, whose participation and responsibility is important in the process of social, sustainable development. Thus the key question is how this variable is rated among university students and what important factors may influence it?
<strong><br clear="all" /> </strong>
<strong>Material and Methods</strong>
This is a quantitative study based on a survey of measuring the amount of social apathy among university students in Isfahan in the year 2013. It also examines the relationship between social apathy as a dependent variable with such independent variables as social capital, cost and benefit analysis, social responsibility, and background characteristics. Sample size includes 372 individuals, who were selected by means of multi-stage random sampling method, on the basis of such characteristics as field of study, age and gender and using Cochran formula. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS. The research instrument is a researcher-made questionnaire, designed by a combination of different questions on a 5-level Likert scale. In order to obtain face validity, feedback from experts were used and for reliability, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was tested, which was above the minimum acceptable level (0.7) for all sub-scales.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Discussion of Results and Conclusions</strong>
The results of the study indicate that the rate of social apathy is not high among students. This finding, however, does not mean that we can easily forget about apathy and do not think of various ways to increase social capital and trust. After testing research hypotheses, it became apparent that the relationship between social capital and social apathy is significantly reverse (r= -0.34), meaning that the more social capital, the less social apathy. Likewise, social responsibility appears to be in a reverse and meaningful relationship with social apathy. In conclusion, it should be emphasized that in every society where people feel socially committed, it is less likely that we come across such undesirable social problems as apathy, because people feel about each other and are not too much selfish. Policy makers and social scientists alike should be more sensitive to these issues and think of ways to increase people's sense of belonging to, and participation in society's affairs.<strong>Introduction </strong>
Social apathy is one of the most unpleasant elements of the modern culture which is defined by an overemphasis on personal preferences and individualistic interests in contemporary urban life and imposes itself as an obstacle in the process of creation and provision of positive social relationships. It also decrease citizens' participation in social affairs, leading to weakness or even blockage of national development. Also, it is considered as absence or suppression of passion, emotion, or excitement. It is therefore creates a negative connotation by which not only is one absent of their own life's situations, but they care even less about the situations of others - even if they can do something about it. Social apathy is a desensitization of humane involvement where society is concerned. Sociologists name factors such as the growth of industry and technology, development of social relationships, rapid growth of the population, fast movements of the population, development of urban culture, closeness of different cultures and subcultures, rationalization of human behavior, the rigid logic f calculation, individualism, weakness of religious institutions and believes, secularism, and destruction of collective and local identities as factors contributing to the increase of this problem and believe that contemporary societies experience a period of crisis in human relations. In their view, in the same way that wide citizens' participation in various spheres of social life is an important perquisite for social, economic, and political development, so is their lack of participation an important factor in staying undeveloped and stagnated. The promise of sociology is to study and explore social problems and issues, providing therefore solutions to get rid of them. Hence in this paper we intend to study social apathy in Isfahan city as the second largest metropolitan city in Iran and among university students, whose participation and responsibility is important in the process of social, sustainable development. Thus the key question is how this variable is rated among university students and what important factors may influence it?
<strong><br clear="all" /> </strong>
<strong>Material and Methods</strong>
This is a quantitative study based on a survey of measuring the amount of social apathy among university students in Isfahan in the year 2013. It also examines the relationship between social apathy as a dependent variable with such independent variables as social capital, cost and benefit analysis, social responsibility, and background characteristics. Sample size includes 372 individuals, who were selected by means of multi-stage random sampling method, on the basis of such characteristics as field of study, age and gender and using Cochran formula. The collected data was analyzed using SPSS. The research instrument is a researcher-made questionnaire, designed by a combination of different questions on a 5-level Likert scale. In order to obtain face validity, feedback from experts were used and for reliability, Cronbach's Alpha coefficient was tested, which was above the minimum acceptable level (0.7) for all sub-scales.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Discussion of Results and Conclusions</strong>
The results of the study indicate that the rate of social apathy is not high among students. This finding, however, does not mean that we can easily forget about apathy and do not think of various ways to increase social capital and trust. After testing research hypotheses, it became apparent that the relationship between social capital and social apathy is significantly reverse (r= -0.34), meaning that the more social capital, the less social apathy. Likewise, social responsibility appears to be in a reverse and meaningful relationship with social apathy. In conclusion, it should be emphasized that in every society where people feel socially committed, it is less likely that we come across such undesirable social problems as apathy, because people feel about each other and are not too much selfish. Policy makers and social scientists alike should be more sensitive to these issues and think of ways to increase people's sense of belonging to, and participation in society's affairs.https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_17123_fab9032739d3a5f03dd0fa31efae243b.pdfUniversity of IsfahanStrategic Research on Social Problems3041-86234120150823An Investigation into the Phenomenon of Aggressiveness among Yazd CitizensAn Investigation into the Phenomenon of Aggressiveness among Yazd Citizens799417122FASeyed AlirezaAfshaniAssociate Professor, Department of Sociology, Yazd University, IranSaeedNavaiyM.A. in Demography, Yazd University, IranMojtabaDelbazi AslM.A. in Demography, Yazd University, IranJournal Article20160614<strong>Introduction</strong>
Aggression is a kind of disorder in social relationships among individuals and groups which is considered as one of the most important problems in contemporary society. This problem has different social consequences, the most significant of which is declining of different dimensions of security in society. Street aggression might result in assault and physical violence as well as verbal abuse and insult. Such quarrels may happen given the social, cultural and economic situations in every society and its rate is more or less due to different factors. Increasing poverty, unemployment and inflation are considered as effective and important factors in growing crimes and aggression. Meier believes that "aggression is disciplinarily obvious and directly visible, which might occur at least between two individuals" (Meier, 1989: 24). The problem appears necessary to investigate with regard to murder, organ deficit, prison, financial deficiency and irrecoverable mental crisis for those who are involved in an act of aggression and their families and creating consequences such as increasing social hurts, negative effects on social security and ruining the cultural reputation of a place. Having created disorder in social relationships, this phenomenon makes an atmosphere full of enmity, spite and grudge among individuals, paving the way for skirmish and strong tensions. This research attempts to study and measure factors that influence the rate of aggression among 15-60 year-old citizens of Yazd.
<strong><br clear="all" /> </strong>
<strong>Materials and Methods</strong>
The research has been carried out using a survey method. The statistical population included a total of 15-60-year-old male citizens in Yazd, and the sample size was determined to include 324 subjects using Krejcie and Morgan's Table. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire which was made based on aggression characteristics (of course, some items were used by Mirfardi et al, 2011). Using explanatory factor analysis, namely, attitude to aggression, tendency to revenge and tendency to aggression, the concept of aggression was divided into 3 dimensions. Diner et al.'s scale of life satisfaction comprised of 5 items, access to welfare facilities comprised of 7 items, and aggression objective experience comprised of 3 items constitute other sections of the instrument. The reliability coefficient for aggression scale was 0.89, 0.85 for life satisfaction and 0.87 for access to welfare to facilities.
<strong>Discussion of Results and Conclusions </strong>
Based on the descriptive findings, from among the total number of 324 respondents, 147 were single (45.4%) and 177 were married (54.6%). The age mean was 29.77. Among the respondents, 34.9 percent had diploma (associate degree) or lower and 65.1 percent had a higher degree. The individuals' mean of aggression on the scale of 12-92 was equal to 42.66, the mean of aggression objective experience on the scale of 0-3 was 1.65, mean of life satisfaction on the scale of 5-25 was equal to 16.31, and mean of access to welfare facilities on the scale of 7-35 was equal to 22.64.
Most of the variables have a statistically significant correlation with each other. Age variable has a significant and negative relationship with other variables except life satisfaction and income. Tendency to aggression (r = -0.228) and tendency to revenge (r= -0.226) variables have a significant, negative relationship with age, indicating that young people have a more tendency to get involved in acts of aggression and revenge than the elderly.
Income variable has a positive and significant relationship with life satisfaction (r= 0.158) and access to welfare facilities (r= 0.189) variables, that is, as income increases, their access to facilities will rise and hence, their life satisfaction will increase. But income does not have a significant relationship with other variables.
The phenomena of aggression in a society produces challenges and problems that create an atmosphere full of enmity, spite and grudge among individuals, by fostering disorder in social relationships, paving the way for skirmish, dispute and strong tensions, and decreasing the feeling of security among citizens.
This phenomenon poses a great problem in our country which has a multiracial context. On the other hand, aggression and violence are unfortunately still those issues in some Iranians’ culture which are an index of power or even protecting social, cultural and family prestige. Given the relationship between education and rate of aggression, it is recommended that serious attempt to be made to educate families and diminish the rate of illiteracy. As individuals gain more experience in acts of aggression, they adopt a higher tendency toward it. Hence, it is suggested that the occurrence of aggression will be controlled and minimized by relevant organizations. Given the higher tendency of adolescents and youth to this phenomenon, it is necessary for cultural organizations in the province of Yazd to establish such urban facilities as cinemas, amusement-scientific parks, libraries, academic centers, whereby increasing youth's interests to participate in acts and activities of sport and amusement.<strong>Introduction</strong>
Aggression is a kind of disorder in social relationships among individuals and groups which is considered as one of the most important problems in contemporary society. This problem has different social consequences, the most significant of which is declining of different dimensions of security in society. Street aggression might result in assault and physical violence as well as verbal abuse and insult. Such quarrels may happen given the social, cultural and economic situations in every society and its rate is more or less due to different factors. Increasing poverty, unemployment and inflation are considered as effective and important factors in growing crimes and aggression. Meier believes that "aggression is disciplinarily obvious and directly visible, which might occur at least between two individuals" (Meier, 1989: 24). The problem appears necessary to investigate with regard to murder, organ deficit, prison, financial deficiency and irrecoverable mental crisis for those who are involved in an act of aggression and their families and creating consequences such as increasing social hurts, negative effects on social security and ruining the cultural reputation of a place. Having created disorder in social relationships, this phenomenon makes an atmosphere full of enmity, spite and grudge among individuals, paving the way for skirmish and strong tensions. This research attempts to study and measure factors that influence the rate of aggression among 15-60 year-old citizens of Yazd.
<strong><br clear="all" /> </strong>
<strong>Materials and Methods</strong>
The research has been carried out using a survey method. The statistical population included a total of 15-60-year-old male citizens in Yazd, and the sample size was determined to include 324 subjects using Krejcie and Morgan's Table. The instrument for data collection was a questionnaire which was made based on aggression characteristics (of course, some items were used by Mirfardi et al, 2011). Using explanatory factor analysis, namely, attitude to aggression, tendency to revenge and tendency to aggression, the concept of aggression was divided into 3 dimensions. Diner et al.'s scale of life satisfaction comprised of 5 items, access to welfare facilities comprised of 7 items, and aggression objective experience comprised of 3 items constitute other sections of the instrument. The reliability coefficient for aggression scale was 0.89, 0.85 for life satisfaction and 0.87 for access to welfare to facilities.
<strong>Discussion of Results and Conclusions </strong>
Based on the descriptive findings, from among the total number of 324 respondents, 147 were single (45.4%) and 177 were married (54.6%). The age mean was 29.77. Among the respondents, 34.9 percent had diploma (associate degree) or lower and 65.1 percent had a higher degree. The individuals' mean of aggression on the scale of 12-92 was equal to 42.66, the mean of aggression objective experience on the scale of 0-3 was 1.65, mean of life satisfaction on the scale of 5-25 was equal to 16.31, and mean of access to welfare facilities on the scale of 7-35 was equal to 22.64.
Most of the variables have a statistically significant correlation with each other. Age variable has a significant and negative relationship with other variables except life satisfaction and income. Tendency to aggression (r = -0.228) and tendency to revenge (r= -0.226) variables have a significant, negative relationship with age, indicating that young people have a more tendency to get involved in acts of aggression and revenge than the elderly.
Income variable has a positive and significant relationship with life satisfaction (r= 0.158) and access to welfare facilities (r= 0.189) variables, that is, as income increases, their access to facilities will rise and hence, their life satisfaction will increase. But income does not have a significant relationship with other variables.
The phenomena of aggression in a society produces challenges and problems that create an atmosphere full of enmity, spite and grudge among individuals, by fostering disorder in social relationships, paving the way for skirmish, dispute and strong tensions, and decreasing the feeling of security among citizens.
This phenomenon poses a great problem in our country which has a multiracial context. On the other hand, aggression and violence are unfortunately still those issues in some Iranians’ culture which are an index of power or even protecting social, cultural and family prestige. Given the relationship between education and rate of aggression, it is recommended that serious attempt to be made to educate families and diminish the rate of illiteracy. As individuals gain more experience in acts of aggression, they adopt a higher tendency toward it. Hence, it is suggested that the occurrence of aggression will be controlled and minimized by relevant organizations. Given the higher tendency of adolescents and youth to this phenomenon, it is necessary for cultural organizations in the province of Yazd to establish such urban facilities as cinemas, amusement-scientific parks, libraries, academic centers, whereby increasing youth's interests to participate in acts and activities of sport and amusement.https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_17122_824ff666bf64c0d3fc3e2482b9e79cda.pdfUniversity of IsfahanStrategic Research on Social Problems3041-86234120150823The Time - Space Analysis of Social Pathologies Related to Drugs
(Case Study: Tehran 12th District)The Time - Space Analysis of Social Pathologies Related to Drugs
(Case Study: Tehran 12th District)9511617121FAAliZangiabadiAssociate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Isfahan, IranFaryadParhizPh.D. student of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Isfahan, IranEhsanKhayambashiPh.D. student of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Isfahan, IranJournal Article20160614<strong>Introduction</strong>
Spatial analysis of urban social pathologies helps to identify patterns of criminal behavior, discover at-risk areas and eventually change the situation by creating spaces for defeating social pathologies and eliminate them from the city. In fact, considering the place, as the immediate cause of social pathologies compared with the individual or structural factors, it seems more feasible to provide practical solutions from prevention of social pathologies. One of the most important and complex issues of Tehran metropolitan city at the present time is the high frequency of crimes and social disorders in the context of the city's old areas. In addition to creating a sense of insecurity and pessimism, this has caused heavy mental and physical injuries on the shoulders of citizens despite great efforts and budget expenditures. According to the official statistics, the number of crimes of the 12<sup>th</sup> District of Tehran that is known as the Nasery-eraTehran, is much higher than other areas of Tehran. Thus, increase in social pathologies with physical injuries has made this area a dangerous place and hard to live. The first step should be to provide a time-space analysis of various social pathologies of the area, so that strategies to confront these disorders will be decided soon.
<strong> </strong>
<strong><br clear="all" /> </strong>
<strong>Materials & Methods</strong>
This study is a practical study with comparative and analytical approach. To identify and understand the spatial pattern of crime in the city, it has used statistical models and graphics based on the geographical information system (GIS). The most important statistical tests used are Mean Center, Standard Deviation Distance and Standard Deviation Ellipse tests and among the clustering tests the nearest neighbor index is used to identify the centers of mass rise. In this study, in addition to statistical tests, graphics methods such as kernel density estimation method has been also used. The data related to crimes of the 12<sup>th</sup> District have been considered as point events.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusions</strong>
Among Iran's cities, Tehran has the highest rate of social pathologies because of specific, spatial, physical and social conditions. This positive relationship between population growth and increase in the rate of social Pathologies can be regarded as a result of quantitative increase in the city's population. So it is essential to, with scientific methods and new technologies, identify place-time circumstances in which crimes are committed in Tehran. Tehran's 12<sup>th</sup> district with 1600 hectares equivalent to 2/7 percent of the total area of Tehran has allocated according to statistics 3.17 percent of the total population of Tehran. Evaluation of the relative density of population in 12<sup>th</sup> district show that in these area 154.5 people live per hectare, while the relative density of population in Tehran is 131.6 people per hectare. Therefore relative density of population in district 12 of Tehran is greater than the average density in Tehran city.
The findings show that although district 12, only has allocated 2.7 percent of the land area, but the most percentage occurrence of social pathologies occurred in this area of Tehran. In other words, from 6006 cases of studied crime in this study that occurred in Tehran, about 560 cases, occurred in the 12<sup>th</sup> district.
Based on the time analysis which determines the type and extent of crime in the 12<sup>th</sup> district, the peak time and the time center of gravity of crimes is 13 and Wednesday, with frequency of 10-8 crime events in this hour and day. Also on the same time at 12:30 to 13:30, 8-6 cases of crime occurs. The findings show that the average center of crimes related to drugs on 12 district is coincided largely with the geographical center of this region, on the streets of Nasser Khosrow, leading to the 15 Khordad street. Standard deviation ellipse of this type of crimes has mode circle, which represents the geographic distribution of crimes on different directions. It seems that the location of subway stations Saadi, Molavi and Rahahan has influenced the direction of this ellipse, because the highest concentration of crimes has been towards these stations.
The nearest neighbor index on dispersion of the whole crimes related to drug on 12<sup>th</sup> district of Tehran is equal to 0.62 and based on the Z value of these crimes, that is 7.62, cconfirms the cluster of the spatial distribution of points related to the whole crimes associated with drug on area of the study.
With the study of spatial pattern of crimes related to drug in the 12<sup>th</sup> district using the kernel density method, the results of previous studies were confirmed in this test, indicating that the distribution of crimes within this district gathered a cluster. In other words, parts of 12<sup>th</sup> District are faced with high rates of criminality and in other parts this criminality is minimal or zero. The distribution of places of crimes in 12<sup>th</sup> District shows that Square Mohammedia in the southwestern of the District and Esteghlal Square in the northwestern are the main focus of crimes related to drug. There is a good market for the supply and sale of drugs, due to excess consumption in these areas, easy distribution of material in these Squares, Lack of official control. Finally, the existence of subway stations in Mohammedia and Esteghlal Squares has created appropriate focus for crimes related to drug in these areas.
<strong> </strong><strong>Introduction</strong>
Spatial analysis of urban social pathologies helps to identify patterns of criminal behavior, discover at-risk areas and eventually change the situation by creating spaces for defeating social pathologies and eliminate them from the city. In fact, considering the place, as the immediate cause of social pathologies compared with the individual or structural factors, it seems more feasible to provide practical solutions from prevention of social pathologies. One of the most important and complex issues of Tehran metropolitan city at the present time is the high frequency of crimes and social disorders in the context of the city's old areas. In addition to creating a sense of insecurity and pessimism, this has caused heavy mental and physical injuries on the shoulders of citizens despite great efforts and budget expenditures. According to the official statistics, the number of crimes of the 12<sup>th</sup> District of Tehran that is known as the Nasery-eraTehran, is much higher than other areas of Tehran. Thus, increase in social pathologies with physical injuries has made this area a dangerous place and hard to live. The first step should be to provide a time-space analysis of various social pathologies of the area, so that strategies to confront these disorders will be decided soon.
<strong> </strong>
<strong><br clear="all" /> </strong>
<strong>Materials & Methods</strong>
This study is a practical study with comparative and analytical approach. To identify and understand the spatial pattern of crime in the city, it has used statistical models and graphics based on the geographical information system (GIS). The most important statistical tests used are Mean Center, Standard Deviation Distance and Standard Deviation Ellipse tests and among the clustering tests the nearest neighbor index is used to identify the centers of mass rise. In this study, in addition to statistical tests, graphics methods such as kernel density estimation method has been also used. The data related to crimes of the 12<sup>th</sup> District have been considered as point events.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusions</strong>
Among Iran's cities, Tehran has the highest rate of social pathologies because of specific, spatial, physical and social conditions. This positive relationship between population growth and increase in the rate of social Pathologies can be regarded as a result of quantitative increase in the city's population. So it is essential to, with scientific methods and new technologies, identify place-time circumstances in which crimes are committed in Tehran. Tehran's 12<sup>th</sup> district with 1600 hectares equivalent to 2/7 percent of the total area of Tehran has allocated according to statistics 3.17 percent of the total population of Tehran. Evaluation of the relative density of population in 12<sup>th</sup> district show that in these area 154.5 people live per hectare, while the relative density of population in Tehran is 131.6 people per hectare. Therefore relative density of population in district 12 of Tehran is greater than the average density in Tehran city.
The findings show that although district 12, only has allocated 2.7 percent of the land area, but the most percentage occurrence of social pathologies occurred in this area of Tehran. In other words, from 6006 cases of studied crime in this study that occurred in Tehran, about 560 cases, occurred in the 12<sup>th</sup> district.
Based on the time analysis which determines the type and extent of crime in the 12<sup>th</sup> district, the peak time and the time center of gravity of crimes is 13 and Wednesday, with frequency of 10-8 crime events in this hour and day. Also on the same time at 12:30 to 13:30, 8-6 cases of crime occurs. The findings show that the average center of crimes related to drugs on 12 district is coincided largely with the geographical center of this region, on the streets of Nasser Khosrow, leading to the 15 Khordad street. Standard deviation ellipse of this type of crimes has mode circle, which represents the geographic distribution of crimes on different directions. It seems that the location of subway stations Saadi, Molavi and Rahahan has influenced the direction of this ellipse, because the highest concentration of crimes has been towards these stations.
The nearest neighbor index on dispersion of the whole crimes related to drug on 12<sup>th</sup> district of Tehran is equal to 0.62 and based on the Z value of these crimes, that is 7.62, cconfirms the cluster of the spatial distribution of points related to the whole crimes associated with drug on area of the study.
With the study of spatial pattern of crimes related to drug in the 12<sup>th</sup> district using the kernel density method, the results of previous studies were confirmed in this test, indicating that the distribution of crimes within this district gathered a cluster. In other words, parts of 12<sup>th</sup> District are faced with high rates of criminality and in other parts this criminality is minimal or zero. The distribution of places of crimes in 12<sup>th</sup> District shows that Square Mohammedia in the southwestern of the District and Esteghlal Square in the northwestern are the main focus of crimes related to drug. There is a good market for the supply and sale of drugs, due to excess consumption in these areas, easy distribution of material in these Squares, Lack of official control. Finally, the existence of subway stations in Mohammedia and Esteghlal Squares has created appropriate focus for crimes related to drug in these areas.
<strong> </strong>https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_17121_c12d226e9101e101f2c9cb4d2558a0ba.pdfUniversity of IsfahanStrategic Research on Social Problems3041-86234120150823Anger as a Train and State, Anger Management Methods, and People's Tendency towards Collective AggressionAnger as a Train and State, Anger Management Methods, and People's Tendency towards Collective Aggression11713017120FAFariborzNikdelAssistant Professor, Department of Psychology, Yasouj University, IranAli AkbarPirasteh MotlaghM.A. in PsychologyJournal Article20160614<strong>Introduction</strong>
Ethnic disputes and collective aggressions are observable in each period of history and are more evident in traditional and nomadic communities. This issue has had many life and property damages in the past and present times and it has also prevented social development to flourish. Based on the damages of collective aggression, the researchers attempt to study the fundamental causes of this problem. It is assumed that state-trait anger and anger control methods are effective variables on people's tendency toward collective aggression. Therefore, determining the effective factors on collective aggression is of great importance from social, family and individual aspects. The theoretical framework of the present study is the combination of psychological and social- psychological theories regarding collective aggression. According the theories regarding collective aggression and relevant researches, collective aggression stems from different factors and reasons as a multi-dimensional social phenomenon. In a general classification, these factors are divided into individual and social factors. Based on various researches regarding social reasons of tendency to collective aggression, only the individual and psychological causes have been investigated. Indeed, this study evaluated state-trait anger and anger control method variables as individual and psychological factors related to tendency to collective aggression.
<strong> </strong>
<strong><br clear="all" /> </strong>
<strong>Materials & Methods</strong>
The study method is non-experimental -anger ationneral BB Asianasurest time and it also and it is a survey in terms of type and cross section in terms of time. The study population is all citizens of the Kohgiluye and Buyerahmad province whose age is between 14 and 50 years old. Based on the latest census, they include 325204 individuals. The sample size is 400 based on Cochran’s formula. The sampling method is stratified random. Two questionnaires were used to measure the variables: a) Tendency to collective aggression survey is designed by Mirfardi et al. (2010) with 13 items evaluating behavioral and cognitive aspects, b)<em>S</em><em>pielberger's</em>. <em>State</em>-<em>Trait Anger</em> Expression, which is composed of 57 questions- 6 scales and 5 subscales and divided into 3 sections: state anger, trait anger and anger control methods.
<strong>Discussion of Results and Conclusions</strong>
The present study aimed to evaluate the role of state-trait anger and anger control methods in people tendency to collective aggression. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between state anger, tendency to collective aggression and trait anger variables with tendency to collective aggression. The relationship between subscales of state anger, trait anger with tendency to collective aggression and cognitive tendency subscales to aggression and behavioral tendency to aggression showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between anger feeling subscales, verbal and physical expression of anger, angry mood and angry reaction with the variable of tendency to collective aggression and its subscales, cognitive tendency to aggression and behavioral tendency to aggression. Indeed, the results of the hypotheses showed that the people with high trait and state anger (feeling angry), show more angry moods, tendency to physical and verbal expression of anger and angry reactions. So they have a high tendency to collective aggression; cognitive and behavioral. Uncontrolled anger not only jeopardizes adaptability and health of the people, but also various examples of interpersonal and social issues including collective aggression are affected by this emotion and violence and aggressiveness are the most predictable outcomes in this regard. Therefore, violence and aggressiveness are effective components on collective aggression. On the other hand, violence in retaliation leads to group or family conflicts. In addition, the results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between anger-out control with tendency to collective aggression. Also, there is a negative and significant relationship between anger-in control and tendency to collective aggression. Indeed, the more people control anger–in and anger-out, the less the tendency to collective aggression. Also, the results showed that 3 variables of state anger, anger–in control and trait anger, are the best predictors of tendency to collective aggression, respectively. In addition, the results of path analysis showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between state anger, trait anger and anger-in control and independent variables and tendency to collective aggression and dependent variable. The relationship between anger-out control and none of the dependent variables was significant so it was excluded from the model.
Therefore, based on the results of the study, state-trait anger variable and anger control and personality specifications can be turning points of many collective aggressions in the Kohgiluye and Buyerahmad province. Therefore, it is recommended to the authorities that states anger factors should controlled and reduced. It is also recommended to train good anger control methods which help people who are under critical condition. By improving these psychological variables among people and families we can be hopeful to reduce tendency of people towards collective aggression<strong>Introduction</strong>
Ethnic disputes and collective aggressions are observable in each period of history and are more evident in traditional and nomadic communities. This issue has had many life and property damages in the past and present times and it has also prevented social development to flourish. Based on the damages of collective aggression, the researchers attempt to study the fundamental causes of this problem. It is assumed that state-trait anger and anger control methods are effective variables on people's tendency toward collective aggression. Therefore, determining the effective factors on collective aggression is of great importance from social, family and individual aspects. The theoretical framework of the present study is the combination of psychological and social- psychological theories regarding collective aggression. According the theories regarding collective aggression and relevant researches, collective aggression stems from different factors and reasons as a multi-dimensional social phenomenon. In a general classification, these factors are divided into individual and social factors. Based on various researches regarding social reasons of tendency to collective aggression, only the individual and psychological causes have been investigated. Indeed, this study evaluated state-trait anger and anger control method variables as individual and psychological factors related to tendency to collective aggression.
<strong> </strong>
<strong><br clear="all" /> </strong>
<strong>Materials & Methods</strong>
The study method is non-experimental -anger ationneral BB Asianasurest time and it also and it is a survey in terms of type and cross section in terms of time. The study population is all citizens of the Kohgiluye and Buyerahmad province whose age is between 14 and 50 years old. Based on the latest census, they include 325204 individuals. The sample size is 400 based on Cochran’s formula. The sampling method is stratified random. Two questionnaires were used to measure the variables: a) Tendency to collective aggression survey is designed by Mirfardi et al. (2010) with 13 items evaluating behavioral and cognitive aspects, b)<em>S</em><em>pielberger's</em>. <em>State</em>-<em>Trait Anger</em> Expression, which is composed of 57 questions- 6 scales and 5 subscales and divided into 3 sections: state anger, trait anger and anger control methods.
<strong>Discussion of Results and Conclusions</strong>
The present study aimed to evaluate the role of state-trait anger and anger control methods in people tendency to collective aggression. The results showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between state anger, tendency to collective aggression and trait anger variables with tendency to collective aggression. The relationship between subscales of state anger, trait anger with tendency to collective aggression and cognitive tendency subscales to aggression and behavioral tendency to aggression showed that there is a positive and significant relationship between anger feeling subscales, verbal and physical expression of anger, angry mood and angry reaction with the variable of tendency to collective aggression and its subscales, cognitive tendency to aggression and behavioral tendency to aggression. Indeed, the results of the hypotheses showed that the people with high trait and state anger (feeling angry), show more angry moods, tendency to physical and verbal expression of anger and angry reactions. So they have a high tendency to collective aggression; cognitive and behavioral. Uncontrolled anger not only jeopardizes adaptability and health of the people, but also various examples of interpersonal and social issues including collective aggression are affected by this emotion and violence and aggressiveness are the most predictable outcomes in this regard. Therefore, violence and aggressiveness are effective components on collective aggression. On the other hand, violence in retaliation leads to group or family conflicts. In addition, the results showed that there is a negative and significant relationship between anger-out control with tendency to collective aggression. Also, there is a negative and significant relationship between anger-in control and tendency to collective aggression. Indeed, the more people control anger–in and anger-out, the less the tendency to collective aggression. Also, the results showed that 3 variables of state anger, anger–in control and trait anger, are the best predictors of tendency to collective aggression, respectively. In addition, the results of path analysis showed that there is a direct and significant relationship between state anger, trait anger and anger-in control and independent variables and tendency to collective aggression and dependent variable. The relationship between anger-out control and none of the dependent variables was significant so it was excluded from the model.
Therefore, based on the results of the study, state-trait anger variable and anger control and personality specifications can be turning points of many collective aggressions in the Kohgiluye and Buyerahmad province. Therefore, it is recommended to the authorities that states anger factors should controlled and reduced. It is also recommended to train good anger control methods which help people who are under critical condition. By improving these psychological variables among people and families we can be hopeful to reduce tendency of people towards collective aggressionhttps://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_17120_d4224f33f9ab4185773c57d52d981d5c.pdfUniversity of IsfahanStrategic Research on Social Problems3041-86234120150823Evaluation of Physical Components of Public Spaces and their Impact on Social Security of Babolsar CitizensEvaluation of Physical Components of Public Spaces and their Impact on Social Security of Babolsar Citizens13115217117FASedighehLotfiProfessor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Mazandaran, IranRahim BerdiAnnamoradnejadAssistant Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, University of Mazandaran, IranHeydarVahedi-M.A. in Geography and Urban Planning, University of Mazandaran, IranJournal Article20160614<strong>Introduction </strong>
Security has been one of the most fundamental needs of human society and the incidence of crime is one of the most important problems in cities. Security feeling in urban spaces is one of the crucial indicators of a good space quality which is dependent upon different aspects of socio-economic and cultural status of each society. Today social scientists try to identify the factors which impact and influence the incidence of crime in public spaces. Urban planners analyze the role of physical and environmental variables in the level of public security in urban communities. The present research attempted to study the connection between public space security and spatial and environmental factors to formulate the main planning guidelines for maintaining security and prevent crime occurrence in the city of Babolsar.
<strong> </strong>
<strong><br clear="all" /> </strong>
<strong>Materials and Methods</strong>
The city of Babolsar is located in the southern part of the Caspian Sea and is one of the important tourist destinations in Mazandaran province. The methodology of the research is based on descriptive and analytical approaches and the required data and information were collected by conducting a field work to complete the research questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was justified by Cronbach Alfa coefficient (0.792) and the validity of the questions were confirmed by the help of several experts. The statistical society of the present research includes 14422 households of Babolsar city and the sample was selected via Cochran formula (350 household heads). In general, nine main components and 35 indicators were used to measure the physical components of public spaces. Also three components and 22 indicators were applied for investigating the social security in this research. The data was processed vial SPSS and different statistical tests such as Pearson regression and T test were used to determine the possible relationships among the variables.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Discussion of Results and Conclusion</strong>
The findings of the research are classified in two main sections as space size and physical form of space. Each of these two criteria is divided into different indexes.
Overcrowding in public space is referred to the mental pressure experience from space density. The finding from one tailed T test for this index showed a general satisfaction with mean difference of 0.135, which is placed in the status of upper middle level and is reflected in the overall contentment of residents. Scale index in Public space revealed that the expected mean in not meaningful and so it showed a moderate satisfaction.
Visual and environmental comforts are two important and essential components in secure urban environments. This index is further subdivided into symbolic, visual, light, and sound discomforts. The mean difference of symbolic discomfort shows the figure of 0.392, reflecting the lower medium satisfaction of urban residents in public space of the city. In general regarding to the visual and environmental comforts, there is a lower medium level of contentment which highlights the proper planning and management of public spaces in the city. As it was illustrated the city of Babolsar is one of the key destinations of tourism in the North of Iran and also the main state university of the province is located there. So provision of security for public spaces is a main duty of the urban authorities as the city has intraregional functions. <strong>Introduction </strong>
Security has been one of the most fundamental needs of human society and the incidence of crime is one of the most important problems in cities. Security feeling in urban spaces is one of the crucial indicators of a good space quality which is dependent upon different aspects of socio-economic and cultural status of each society. Today social scientists try to identify the factors which impact and influence the incidence of crime in public spaces. Urban planners analyze the role of physical and environmental variables in the level of public security in urban communities. The present research attempted to study the connection between public space security and spatial and environmental factors to formulate the main planning guidelines for maintaining security and prevent crime occurrence in the city of Babolsar.
<strong> </strong>
<strong><br clear="all" /> </strong>
<strong>Materials and Methods</strong>
The city of Babolsar is located in the southern part of the Caspian Sea and is one of the important tourist destinations in Mazandaran province. The methodology of the research is based on descriptive and analytical approaches and the required data and information were collected by conducting a field work to complete the research questionnaire. The reliability of the questionnaire was justified by Cronbach Alfa coefficient (0.792) and the validity of the questions were confirmed by the help of several experts. The statistical society of the present research includes 14422 households of Babolsar city and the sample was selected via Cochran formula (350 household heads). In general, nine main components and 35 indicators were used to measure the physical components of public spaces. Also three components and 22 indicators were applied for investigating the social security in this research. The data was processed vial SPSS and different statistical tests such as Pearson regression and T test were used to determine the possible relationships among the variables.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Discussion of Results and Conclusion</strong>
The findings of the research are classified in two main sections as space size and physical form of space. Each of these two criteria is divided into different indexes.
Overcrowding in public space is referred to the mental pressure experience from space density. The finding from one tailed T test for this index showed a general satisfaction with mean difference of 0.135, which is placed in the status of upper middle level and is reflected in the overall contentment of residents. Scale index in Public space revealed that the expected mean in not meaningful and so it showed a moderate satisfaction.
Visual and environmental comforts are two important and essential components in secure urban environments. This index is further subdivided into symbolic, visual, light, and sound discomforts. The mean difference of symbolic discomfort shows the figure of 0.392, reflecting the lower medium satisfaction of urban residents in public space of the city. In general regarding to the visual and environmental comforts, there is a lower medium level of contentment which highlights the proper planning and management of public spaces in the city. As it was illustrated the city of Babolsar is one of the key destinations of tourism in the North of Iran and also the main state university of the province is located there. So provision of security for public spaces is a main duty of the urban authorities as the city has intraregional functions. https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_17117_a67fb7ae4c4224797223edc366d6a79b.pdfUniversity of IsfahanStrategic Research on Social Problems3041-86234120150823Economical Distinctions and Social Problems of Iran: Rates of Unemployment and SuicideEconomical Distinctions and Social Problems of Iran: Rates of Unemployment and Suicide15316617115FAMohhamad AliFeizpourAssistant Professor, Department of Economics, Yazd University, IranEzatollahLotfiM.A. in Economics, Yazd, IranJournal Article20160614<strong>Introduction </strong>
Human resources as one of the important indexes of production and development have always suffered from social problems including committing suicide. Committing suicide is amongst the first ten causes of mortality. In some countries, it is among the first three causes of the death of young people who are the main capital of the society. Although an economic view to social problems especially committing suicide has just come to the forefront during the past decade, focusing on this view has been so widespread that the relationships between social and economic problems at the international, national, local, family, and individual levels has been the concern of economists and social scientists alike. Having this view in mind, it is illogical to ignore the role of economy in social problems; therefore, there have been many studies aimed at investigating this relationship. On the one hand, the rate of unemployment is one of the economic variables that has resulted in a remarkable discrimination in different areas. On the other hand, committing suicide is one of the social problems that has caught the attention of experts and communities alike. Therefore, the present study aims at investigating the relationships of the two variables – society and economy – in different parts of Iran base on the province.
<strong><br clear="all" /> </strong>
<strong>Materials & Methods</strong>
In terms of the aim, this study is practical and it employed a descriptive-analytical approach. Library research was employed to collect the necessary data. The number of those committed suicide and the rate of unemployment from 1386 to 1389 were the major and most important sources of data for the present study. These data were extracted from the annual report declared by the Statistics Center of Iran. The independent variable of the model was the number of those who had committed suicide per 10000 people and the rate of unemployment defined as the ratio of the unemployed population to the active population (the employed and unemployed), which was considered as the explanatory variable. It is necessary to mention that since the purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between unemployment and committing suicide and due to the lack of continuous access to the data on committing suicide, the data were limited to a range of four years. Therefore, because of time and budget restrictions, measurement method used in this study, the regression estimate method, was a mixture of the time-series and sequential data, in which the time-series data were mixed with the sequential data and resulted in a set of data which had the characteristics of both the time-series and sequential data.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusions</strong>
In the studies which use mixed data, it is necessary for them to be studied before the estimation of the model and to be studied in terms of the assumptions that the mixed data of some tests have about the data. One of the most important tests is the lamer test used for selecting the methods of panel regression and pulling regression. This test reveals that whether the coefficients of determining the regression using the permanent effects are meaningfully bigger than the coefficients of determining the model of pulling regression or not. The results of the present study indicated that since the possibility of the obtained F lamer (0.0021) is lesser than 0.05, therefore the null hypothesis of being a pulling model was rejected, and the hypothesis of being panel was accepted. After identifying the estimated model, in order to compare the permanent effect methods and the incidental effect methods in terms of the explanatory strength of the comparing dependent variable, Heisman test was used. The result of this test also showed that since the amount of the attained possibility (0.0183) was lesser than 0.05, the model’s estimate with permanent effects was accepted. Before estimating the model, it is necessary to investigate the permanency of all the utilized variables. However, in this study due to time limitations it was not possible to have a single root test so the results of the single root tests are not valid. Therefore, there was no need for the single root table test, consequently the need for the panel overlap tests was canceled too. On the other hand, after studying the permanency of the data due to the mixed data it is possible for the studies on this sort of data to show differences in the variances. Taking into the consideration the important effects of differences in variances on estimation, standard deviation, and inferential statistics, differences or similarities in the variances need to be identified before the estimation. To test the equality of variances in the table data, the test of LR was utilized. Since the estimated Prob is lesser than 0.05, the null hypothesis on the variance of the paradoxical sentences was rejected. Therefore the model has inequality and differences in the variances. Thus, the model should be estimated so that the problem of differences in the variances is alleviated. One of the methods of alleviating the problems of differences in variances is the Generalized Square Model. In this model, this problem is alleviated if there will be a self-independence in the model. Testing the data of the model, the estimation of the model and the results will be dealt with.
The results showed that since the total statistical probability (Prob= 0.013) in the model is lesser than 0.05, the general meaningfulness of the model was accepted. Studying the estimation results in the model in this study, we realized that there was a positive and meaningful relationship between unemployment and committing suicide since the estimated coefficient was 0.363693 and the probability for unemployment as a variable was 0.004. Thus it can be said that in Iran and consequently in different provinces, the rate of committing suicide increases to 0.36 with each 0.01 increase in the unemployment rate. So, the results indicated that there is a meaningful relationship between committing suicide and the rate of unemployment.
Although different aspects of committing suicide such as sociological and psychological aspects are important, the economic aspect plays an important role as well. The economic factors affect the social factors, the individuals, and the society at large. Thus the relationship is quite clear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between economic problems – here unemployment as a representative of it – and the social problems – here suicide as a representative of it. In the present study, after studying the sociological view and the Durkheim’s theory, the Hammer’s view, the first pure economic view on suicide, was reviewed. Comparing the results of the present study with the experimental bulks of research on the topic and the theoretical literature of the field of crime economy, it is apparent that the results are in line with most studies on crime economy (Balky et al., 2003; Lin, 2006; Rodriguez, 2006; Suzuki, 2008; Sadeghi et al., 2004; Mehregan et al. 2010). Unemployment decreases self-confidence. Every one of these factors increases the possibility of committing suicide. Thus, although the economic problems and unemployment should not be considered as the only contributors to suicide, the positive relationships between unemployment and suicide should not be taken for granted. So, determining the role of unemployment and economic problems is the case that is crucially important in terms of the security affairs.<strong>Introduction </strong>
Human resources as one of the important indexes of production and development have always suffered from social problems including committing suicide. Committing suicide is amongst the first ten causes of mortality. In some countries, it is among the first three causes of the death of young people who are the main capital of the society. Although an economic view to social problems especially committing suicide has just come to the forefront during the past decade, focusing on this view has been so widespread that the relationships between social and economic problems at the international, national, local, family, and individual levels has been the concern of economists and social scientists alike. Having this view in mind, it is illogical to ignore the role of economy in social problems; therefore, there have been many studies aimed at investigating this relationship. On the one hand, the rate of unemployment is one of the economic variables that has resulted in a remarkable discrimination in different areas. On the other hand, committing suicide is one of the social problems that has caught the attention of experts and communities alike. Therefore, the present study aims at investigating the relationships of the two variables – society and economy – in different parts of Iran base on the province.
<strong><br clear="all" /> </strong>
<strong>Materials & Methods</strong>
In terms of the aim, this study is practical and it employed a descriptive-analytical approach. Library research was employed to collect the necessary data. The number of those committed suicide and the rate of unemployment from 1386 to 1389 were the major and most important sources of data for the present study. These data were extracted from the annual report declared by the Statistics Center of Iran. The independent variable of the model was the number of those who had committed suicide per 10000 people and the rate of unemployment defined as the ratio of the unemployed population to the active population (the employed and unemployed), which was considered as the explanatory variable. It is necessary to mention that since the purpose of the present study was to investigate the relationship between unemployment and committing suicide and due to the lack of continuous access to the data on committing suicide, the data were limited to a range of four years. Therefore, because of time and budget restrictions, measurement method used in this study, the regression estimate method, was a mixture of the time-series and sequential data, in which the time-series data were mixed with the sequential data and resulted in a set of data which had the characteristics of both the time-series and sequential data.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusions</strong>
In the studies which use mixed data, it is necessary for them to be studied before the estimation of the model and to be studied in terms of the assumptions that the mixed data of some tests have about the data. One of the most important tests is the lamer test used for selecting the methods of panel regression and pulling regression. This test reveals that whether the coefficients of determining the regression using the permanent effects are meaningfully bigger than the coefficients of determining the model of pulling regression or not. The results of the present study indicated that since the possibility of the obtained F lamer (0.0021) is lesser than 0.05, therefore the null hypothesis of being a pulling model was rejected, and the hypothesis of being panel was accepted. After identifying the estimated model, in order to compare the permanent effect methods and the incidental effect methods in terms of the explanatory strength of the comparing dependent variable, Heisman test was used. The result of this test also showed that since the amount of the attained possibility (0.0183) was lesser than 0.05, the model’s estimate with permanent effects was accepted. Before estimating the model, it is necessary to investigate the permanency of all the utilized variables. However, in this study due to time limitations it was not possible to have a single root test so the results of the single root tests are not valid. Therefore, there was no need for the single root table test, consequently the need for the panel overlap tests was canceled too. On the other hand, after studying the permanency of the data due to the mixed data it is possible for the studies on this sort of data to show differences in the variances. Taking into the consideration the important effects of differences in variances on estimation, standard deviation, and inferential statistics, differences or similarities in the variances need to be identified before the estimation. To test the equality of variances in the table data, the test of LR was utilized. Since the estimated Prob is lesser than 0.05, the null hypothesis on the variance of the paradoxical sentences was rejected. Therefore the model has inequality and differences in the variances. Thus, the model should be estimated so that the problem of differences in the variances is alleviated. One of the methods of alleviating the problems of differences in variances is the Generalized Square Model. In this model, this problem is alleviated if there will be a self-independence in the model. Testing the data of the model, the estimation of the model and the results will be dealt with.
The results showed that since the total statistical probability (Prob= 0.013) in the model is lesser than 0.05, the general meaningfulness of the model was accepted. Studying the estimation results in the model in this study, we realized that there was a positive and meaningful relationship between unemployment and committing suicide since the estimated coefficient was 0.363693 and the probability for unemployment as a variable was 0.004. Thus it can be said that in Iran and consequently in different provinces, the rate of committing suicide increases to 0.36 with each 0.01 increase in the unemployment rate. So, the results indicated that there is a meaningful relationship between committing suicide and the rate of unemployment.
Although different aspects of committing suicide such as sociological and psychological aspects are important, the economic aspect plays an important role as well. The economic factors affect the social factors, the individuals, and the society at large. Thus the relationship is quite clear. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between economic problems – here unemployment as a representative of it – and the social problems – here suicide as a representative of it. In the present study, after studying the sociological view and the Durkheim’s theory, the Hammer’s view, the first pure economic view on suicide, was reviewed. Comparing the results of the present study with the experimental bulks of research on the topic and the theoretical literature of the field of crime economy, it is apparent that the results are in line with most studies on crime economy (Balky et al., 2003; Lin, 2006; Rodriguez, 2006; Suzuki, 2008; Sadeghi et al., 2004; Mehregan et al. 2010). Unemployment decreases self-confidence. Every one of these factors increases the possibility of committing suicide. Thus, although the economic problems and unemployment should not be considered as the only contributors to suicide, the positive relationships between unemployment and suicide should not be taken for granted. So, determining the role of unemployment and economic problems is the case that is crucially important in terms of the security affairs.https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_17115_a676e17f01f18bc37984162f929a8c15.pdfUniversity of IsfahanStrategic Research on Social Problems3041-86234120150823The Effect of Non-Criminal Prevention Methods on the Sense of Security among Young Adults in BroujerdThe Effect of Non-Criminal Prevention Methods on the Sense of Security among Young Adults in Broujerd16718217116FAHengamehGhazanfariMohamad MehdiGhasemi KiaM.A. of Criminal Law and Criminology, Islamic Azad University, Broujerd Branch, IranJournal Article20160614<strong>Introduction</strong>
Security is one of the fundamental and natural needs of humans. It has both objective and subjective-psychological dimensions. In this study, its subjective dimension (feeling of security) is considered. Sense of security as a socio-psychological phenomenon is influenced by the direct or indirect experiences of people in different social situations and people need it to achieve a healthy life and sustain social relationships. Feeling of security may not be obtainable at the same level for different classes of society and certain segments of society may feel less secure than the others. In other words, they see their own interests at risk more than the others. Crime prevention in specific meaning of Delinquency Prevention consists of a set of non-coercive measures designed to achieve a particular purpose, i.e. inhibition of crime, reducing crime, and reducing the severity of the offense. Social security feeling is a manifestation of the efforts of systems for prevention of social insecurity and anarchy to manage a healthy society. The main objective of this study is to examine the feeling of security among the youth in Broujerd. It is measured in terms of the effect of non-criminal prevention methods on the level of social security feeling. In the first section of this study, theoretical background and the related literatures are reviewed. In the next section the collected are presented from the target statistical population by using questionnaires. Then data are examined to verify if the lack of security feeling is really caused by the lack of security or some other reasons can contribute to feeling of security? What are the factors influencing this feeling? Then some non-criminal methods for prevention of offenses leading to insecurity feeling among young in Broujerd are proposed.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Materials and Methods</strong>
In this study, the study population included all 14-29 years old people living in the city of Broujerd. Based on the definition of national youth organization, people in this age group are considered as young. Their number according to the last census conducted by the Statistics Centre is equal to 117269. Due to the nature and extent of the statistical population, the method of random sampling was used .According to Cochran formula, 384 questionnaires were used to assess respondents' views. Considering the measurement of the variables, the statistics data were appropriately analyzed. Extraction, coding and analysis of data and preparation of tables and diagrams were performed using Excel and SPSS software. In describing the data, descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution (one-dimensional tables and charts) were used. For data analysis, inferential statistics and statistics tests (such as two-dimensional tables and correlation intensity tests appropriate to research questions and considering the measurement of variables) were used. The main hypothesis of the research is that developing and implementing the non-criminal prevention programs plays an important role in the social and environmental security and increases the security feeling of citizens by eliminating the root causes of crimes.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Discussion of Results and Conclusions</strong>
According to the results, it can be concluded that identifying and controlling factors that cause crime and insecurity is more effective than any other measure which is taken to keep the community in comfort. To achieve this important goal, promoting religious beliefs as well as the use of strategies to support individuals and families, besides the activities of the police and the judicial system can be very effective in controlling crime and increasing the sense of security in society. The results indicate that people have a positive view about the non-criminal crime prevention programs and they think that these measures have a very positive impact on the environmental and social health and security of the people. Among the personal characteristics such as gender, marital status, place of residence, age and educational level, only two variables-gender and marital status- were effective and in significant relationship with the security feeling of the individuals. The rest of the hypotheses were rejected. According to the research findings, the feeling of calm (in general) in Broujerd is moderate and in regard to calm feeling level in its different districts, responses indicate that this level is moderate to high. This difference suggests that the feeling of security among urban population is less than residential areas in Broujerd. In other words, the results suggest that respondents have a greater sense of insecurity and fear in the areas outside their residential region. In relation to the impact of each factor in prevention of crime and insecurity, strengthening the religious culture and expansion of “encouraging the good and discouraging the wrong” have higher ranks in the responses obtained from people. The lowest rank is for police activity in public places. Results show that the proportion of people who think that non-criminal prevention programs are effective in making a healthy social environment and increase the sense of security by identifying and removing the root causes of crime, is higher than the average.<strong>Introduction</strong>
Security is one of the fundamental and natural needs of humans. It has both objective and subjective-psychological dimensions. In this study, its subjective dimension (feeling of security) is considered. Sense of security as a socio-psychological phenomenon is influenced by the direct or indirect experiences of people in different social situations and people need it to achieve a healthy life and sustain social relationships. Feeling of security may not be obtainable at the same level for different classes of society and certain segments of society may feel less secure than the others. In other words, they see their own interests at risk more than the others. Crime prevention in specific meaning of Delinquency Prevention consists of a set of non-coercive measures designed to achieve a particular purpose, i.e. inhibition of crime, reducing crime, and reducing the severity of the offense. Social security feeling is a manifestation of the efforts of systems for prevention of social insecurity and anarchy to manage a healthy society. The main objective of this study is to examine the feeling of security among the youth in Broujerd. It is measured in terms of the effect of non-criminal prevention methods on the level of social security feeling. In the first section of this study, theoretical background and the related literatures are reviewed. In the next section the collected are presented from the target statistical population by using questionnaires. Then data are examined to verify if the lack of security feeling is really caused by the lack of security or some other reasons can contribute to feeling of security? What are the factors influencing this feeling? Then some non-criminal methods for prevention of offenses leading to insecurity feeling among young in Broujerd are proposed.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Materials and Methods</strong>
In this study, the study population included all 14-29 years old people living in the city of Broujerd. Based on the definition of national youth organization, people in this age group are considered as young. Their number according to the last census conducted by the Statistics Centre is equal to 117269. Due to the nature and extent of the statistical population, the method of random sampling was used .According to Cochran formula, 384 questionnaires were used to assess respondents' views. Considering the measurement of the variables, the statistics data were appropriately analyzed. Extraction, coding and analysis of data and preparation of tables and diagrams were performed using Excel and SPSS software. In describing the data, descriptive statistics such as frequency distribution (one-dimensional tables and charts) were used. For data analysis, inferential statistics and statistics tests (such as two-dimensional tables and correlation intensity tests appropriate to research questions and considering the measurement of variables) were used. The main hypothesis of the research is that developing and implementing the non-criminal prevention programs plays an important role in the social and environmental security and increases the security feeling of citizens by eliminating the root causes of crimes.
<strong> </strong>
<strong>Discussion of Results and Conclusions</strong>
According to the results, it can be concluded that identifying and controlling factors that cause crime and insecurity is more effective than any other measure which is taken to keep the community in comfort. To achieve this important goal, promoting religious beliefs as well as the use of strategies to support individuals and families, besides the activities of the police and the judicial system can be very effective in controlling crime and increasing the sense of security in society. The results indicate that people have a positive view about the non-criminal crime prevention programs and they think that these measures have a very positive impact on the environmental and social health and security of the people. Among the personal characteristics such as gender, marital status, place of residence, age and educational level, only two variables-gender and marital status- were effective and in significant relationship with the security feeling of the individuals. The rest of the hypotheses were rejected. According to the research findings, the feeling of calm (in general) in Broujerd is moderate and in regard to calm feeling level in its different districts, responses indicate that this level is moderate to high. This difference suggests that the feeling of security among urban population is less than residential areas in Broujerd. In other words, the results suggest that respondents have a greater sense of insecurity and fear in the areas outside their residential region. In relation to the impact of each factor in prevention of crime and insecurity, strengthening the religious culture and expansion of “encouraging the good and discouraging the wrong” have higher ranks in the responses obtained from people. The lowest rank is for police activity in public places. Results show that the proportion of people who think that non-criminal prevention programs are effective in making a healthy social environment and increase the sense of security by identifying and removing the root causes of crime, is higher than the average.https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_17116_5a27c1a3c932f9f99d98837a1117a374.pdf