دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی 3041-8623 5 2 2016 07 22 Explanation of relationship between Social alienation and vandalism among the high school students and Junior in Yazd بررسی نقش بیگانگی اجتماعی در وندالیسم در بین دانش‌آموزان دوره اول و دوم متوسطه شهر یزد 1 24 20952 10.22108/ssoss.2016.20952 FA علیرضا افشانی دانشیار، گروه رفاه و تعاون اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، ایران ندا جواهرچیان دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد جامعه‌شناسی دانشگاه یزد، ایران Journal Article 2016 11 26 Introduction: One of the complex issues and concerns to the attention of many researchers, sociologists, criminologists, psychologists and experts is the subject of juvenile delinquency. Published statistics show that despite improving lives and livelihoods, and despite the increase in welfare institutions and social services, in most countries for crimes committed by adolescents done with growing pace has increased. Vandalism is one type of the Juvenile delinquency. Vandalism arising from rapid social change, human growth and increasing anomie and frustration of his desires is to achieve this desire. Feel alienated, extortion, anger and hatred they have towards society and the environment that conveys weakness and disorder in the structure of social and cultural norms of society. Iran is a young country in terms of age and is faced with a large number of young people, if this great and dynamic force in the right direction and used, Very valuable opportunity for the community. If you do not pay attention to them, Massive forces are corrupted and can be considered a threat to the country. Material & Methods: This survey study is practical in terms of content, cross-sectional, and extensive. In the current study, the population was all high school students and junior school in Yazd. According to the statistical outcome measured by the Department of Education of Yazd, 20674 students were in high school, and 17818 were in junior school. The Sampling method which applied in this survey study is a sampling of 635 high school students and junior school in Yazd (317 students from in junior schools and 318 students from high schools) Owing to collecting the data, participants filled out a questionnaire. A combination of stratified sampling method and cluster sampling method was applied. Owing to collecting the data, participants filled out a questionnaire. The validity of the data collection tool was ensured through a content validity and its reliability through a Cronbach's alpha. The Cronbach's alpha measured for the main variable (vandalism) was 0.845, and it measured for independent variables as follows: 0.784 for Powerlessness, 0.747 for Normlessness, 0.761 Meaninglessness, 0.737 for Social isolation, 0.823 for Estrangement self and 0.898 for social alienation. The gleaned data were analyzed by the statistical software's, namely SPSS 22. Discussion of Results & Conclusions: The results of descriptive statistics indicate that the total respondents of the survey, 48.5 percent female and 51.5 percent were boys. Of 308 female respondent, 47.7 percent from junior high school and 52.3 percent were high school as well as 52 percent of respondent’s junior high school son study period, 48 percent of the respondents of son were high schools. Findings showed that there was a significant difference between Social alienation of girls and boys. The average social alienation among boys was more than girls. There was a significant and direct relationship between the variables including the powerlessness, normlessness, meaninglessness, social isolation, estrangement self with vandalism. In other words, the Social alienation, the higher will be the level of vandalism. The findings are proof for Seaman's theory regarding the relationship between social alienation to vandalism. Multiple regression results indicated significant effect of three variables including normlessness, meaninglessness, estrangement self has significant meaninglessness plays the most important role in determining variable vandalism. Furthermore, through variance of the linear combination of the independent variables, 18 peresent of the variance in vandalism was explained. یکی از مسائل پیچیده و نگران‌کننده که توجه بسیاری از محققان، جامعه‌شناسان، جرم‌شناسان، روان‌شناسان و متخصصان امور را به خود معطوف داشته است، موضوع بزهکاری نوجوانان است. یکی از انواع بزهکاری نوجوانان وندالیسم است. به همین سبب هدف پژوهش حاضر تعیین نقش بیگانگی اجتماعی در وندالیسم در بین دانش‌آموزان دوره اول و دوم متوسطه شهر یزد است. روش مورد استفاده در این تحقیق، از نوع پیمایشی است؛ داده‌ها با ابزار پرسشنامه و با استفاده از نمونه‌گیری طبقه‌ای و خوشه‌ای به طور ترکیبی و از 635 نفر از دانش‌آموزان مقاطع راهنمایی و دبیرستان شهر یزد گردآوری شده است. اعتبار ابزار به صورت صوری و همچنین تحلیل عامل محرز شده و برای سنجش پایایی از ضریب آلفای کرونباخ استفاده شده است. داده‌ها به کمک نرم‌افزارهای آماری SPSS و ایموس مورد تحلیل قرار گرفتند. یافته‌های تحقیق نشان داد بیگانگی اجتماعی و ابعاد آن در وندالیسم و ابعاد آن تأثیر مستقیم و معناداری داشت. به عبارت دیگر با افزایش میزان بیگانگی اجتماعی، میزان وندالیسم نیز افزایش می‌یابد. یافته‌های پژوهش حاضر با نظریه سیمن در مورد نقش بیگانگی اجتماعی در وندالیسم هماهنگی دارد.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_20952_85f8b377a158a65aee8f8877a08847c8.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی 3041-8623 5 2 2016 07 22 The Sociological Analysis of Law-breaking in Driving with Emphasis on Theory of Social Control (Case Study: Neka Youths) تحلیل جامعه شناختی قانون‌گریزی در رانندگی‌ با تأکید بر نظریه کنترل اجتماعی (مطالعه موردی:جوانان شهر نکا) 25 40 20953 10.22108/ssoss.2016.20953 FA علی اصغر فیروزجائیان استادیار، گروه علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه مازندران، ایران جواد توکلی کارشناسی ارشد مطالعات جوانان، دانشگاه مازندران، ایران Journal Article 2016 11 26 Introduction Social order is base of perpetuity in every society. Social order is basis for development and stability in every society. The order base on social norms. The norms disregard by persons to different reasons. The obeying the social rules are important for continuing of order. Because, disobeying the social rules contain many costs for society.one of this rules pertain to the driving. Today, law-breaking in driving has viewed as social problem in our society with attending to important role of human factor in accident.so this research has explained law-breaking in driving with emphasis on theory of social control among youths. Therefore weak of social control in society can issue disorder or law evasion. Inner and outer control, as told Hierdi, affect in obeying the law. When social control is weak, persons may deviate from the law. We confront with obeying the law when formal and informal social control is strong.in this perspective, low self-control affect law-breaking too. Low self-control, as indicator of inner control, increase law-breaking totally and law-braking in driving specially. In this research, law breaking explains as indicator of soft law-evasion. The research is presented a new classification from law evasion. It is differed between soft and hard law evasion. This research explains soft law evasion. The soft law evasion is each behavior that disregards formal law in society and also is nonviolent, occasionally, and often without punishment or weak punishment. According to the research, when social control is weak in society; it reduces youth’s law- abidingness. Enforcement of social control among youth increase law-obeying in driving among them. Material & Methods The method in the research is survey and statistical society is 18-35 year in Neka city. Data has collected by questionnaire from 400 persons by multi-level clustering sampling. Data analysis has don by spss and Amos package. Dependent variable is law breaking in driving. This variable is assessed by 10 questions. All of questions are computed and then it is used as interval variable in the analysis. Independent variables are assessed as internal variables too .after bivariate analysis by Pierson statistic, final analysis is done by Amos package. Structural equation modeling is used for examining theoretical model.it is a confirmative method that asses fitness of theoretical model with sample data. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The results demonstrate that correlation between education, income and driving background with law-breaking in driving is meaningful and reverse. Also correlation between dimensions of social bonding construct (believe to law, social involvement, social attachment, social commitment) with law-breaking in driving is meaningful and reverse. Also low self-control has positive effect on dependent variable. The correlation between social control (formal and informal) with dependent variable is meaningful and reverse. Also, the result of structural modeling examination illustrate that model is fit. All of variables in model could explain 29% variation of dependent variable. The result illustrate that social control has key role in performing order in every society.in fact, when social bonding among youth be strong, they rather pretend to obey from social norms. Of course, we must not neglect that formal social control is always necessary in society too. The results of research indicate below proposes in reduce law-breaking in driving: Reinforcement of control institutions for proper encounter with law breaking in driving. Correction and refresh of control and prevention law in scope of driving law. Effort forward making law-obeying citizen that sensitize law-breaking. To inform to youth about law in schools and university. Reinforcement of participatory institutions and councils in scope of law-obeying citizenship. Reinforcement of social bonding among youths by educational and cultural programs. نظم اجتماعی اساس برقرای هر جامعه است. اطاعت از قواعد اجتماعی برای تداوم نظم از اهمیت برخوردار است. چرا که عدم اطاعت از قواعد اجتماعی هزینه‌های مختلفی را برای جامعه درپی خواهد داشت. یکی از این قواعد مربوط به رانندگی است. امروزه قانون‌گریزی در رانندگی با توجه به نقش اساسی عامل انسانی در تصادفات به عنوان مسأله‌ای اجتماعی در جامعه ما مد نظر قرار گرفته است. از این رو این تحقیق با تأکید بر نظریه کنترل اجتماعی به تحلیل قانون‌گریزی در رانندگی در بین جوانان پرداخته است. روش انجام این تحقیق پیمایش و جامعه آماری نیز جوانان 18 تا 35 سال شهر نکا بوده است. تعداد نمونه 400 نفر و انتخاب نمونه نیز به روش خوشه‌ای چند مرحله‌ای صورت گرفته است. اطلاعات از طریق پرسشنامه محقق ساخته جمع‌آوری گردید. تحلیل اطلاعات تحقیق از طریق دو نرم‌افزار spss و Amos انجام پذیرفت. آزمون همبستگی نشان داد که بین میزان تحصیلات، درآمد و سابقه رانندگی فرد با قانون‌گریزی در رانندگی رابطه معنی‌دار و معکوس وجود دارد. همچنین بین ابعاد وضعیت پیوند اجتماعی (اعتقاد به قانون، مشارکت اجتماعی، پیوستگی اجتماعی، تعهد اجتماعی) و قانون‌گریزی در رانندگی رابطه معنی‌دار و معکوس وجود دارد. همچنین خود کنترلی پایین، تأثیر مثبتی در تخلف از قوانین رانندگی دارد. رابطه بین سازه کنترل بیرونی (رسمی و غیر رسمی) و قانون‌گریزی در رانندگی معنی دارد و معکوس بوده است. همچنین نتایج آزمون مدل ساختاری نشان می‌دهد که مدل نظری تحقیق از برازش برخوردار بوده و متغیرهای حاضر در مدل توانسته‌اند 31 درصد از تغییرات متغیر وابسته (قانون‌گریزی در رانندگی) را تبیین کنند.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_20953_fa8c22eca6d841d46d5b7d2a8febcf1b.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی 3041-8623 5 2 2016 07 22 Religiosity and Social Capital as an Efficient Tool for the Participation of Students in the Voluntary Rescue Groups to establish Order and Security of the Inhabitants of the affected areas دینداری و سرمایه اجتماعی محرک عضویت جوانان در گروه‌های امدادی برای برقراری امنیت ساکنان مناطق آسیب‌دیده 56 41 20954 10.22108/ssoss.2016.20954 FA علی اکبر امین بیدختی دانشیار گروه علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه سمنان، ایران نوید شریفی مربی، مؤسسه آموزش عالی کومش، ایران Journal Article 2016 11 26 introduction Security is the first factor that makes the people come together, to cooperate with each other, to participate in social responsibility events with full commitment to live more comfortably. In general, from the social and cultural point of view, security can create a comfortable situation in which the man ultimately preserves his life, property, honor, dignity, identity, relationships, thoughts, values and self-confidence in the present and in the future and spends his life with less risk tolerance .People participation, especially young student's participation in voluntary groups of rescue work can be a good way to deliver improved services to victims and injured in accidents at due time. So this paper attempted to identify the factors influencing on attracting and keeping young students in voluntary groups of rescue and determine a framework concerning mutual relations between forementioned factors. Material & Methods The aim of this study in terms of the method was applied research and is a kind of descriptive correlation research. Population study included members of student volunteers enlisted in the Red Crescent Youth Organization of Semnan city as the first group and second group are residents of the city of Semnan. Accordingly, in the first group, the statistics are 7292 members of the Association and the second group a population of over 100 thousand people living in this city. About 365 people were selected for the first group and 384 for the second group. The information obtained from students and residents was used to support the conceptual model. To collect data a Delphi technique and reseacher’s made questionnaires were used. The first questionnaire is devoted to students’ role of religiosity and social capital to participate in the relief group. The second questionnaire which was distributed among the residents of Semnan, was concerned with the role of the second part of the conceptual model, which was the effect of youth membership in these groups and their impact on the security of the inhabitants of the affected areas. Discusssion of Result & Conclusions Findings revealed the hidden variable of religiosity has a meaningful and positive impact on social capital and group membership and maintenance accounted 69 and 52 percent respectively. Also social capital has an effect of 87 percent on group satisfaction and group satisfaction in turn has an effect of 65 percent on volunteers' membership and maintenance. So Due to the continuity of the network relationships between students and social security feelings, encouraging students to participate in different groups can increase social confidence and consequently increase the security of the affected areas. Developing students’ social networks by cultural authorities and promoting students' participation in the promotion of cultural issues by installing brochures and advertising on campus by radio and television can play an important role in students' participation in the voluntary groups and lead to improved social security. Organizing and carrying out religious ceremonies and festivals with the participation of students in the university environment to improve more social cohesion to prepare for the acceptance of future responsibilities, including participation in voluntary groups needed in emergencies, can play a constructive role. Support the formation of religious organizations on campus and encourage students to join, can lead to students’ improved trust and coherence in future participation of social groups. مشارکت افراد بالاخص دانشجویان در گروه‌های داوطلبانه امداد و نجات می‌تواند راه کار مناسبی برای بهبود امنیت و نظم مناطق آسیب‌دیده است. لذا در این تحقیق به شناسایی عوامل مؤثر بر امنیت مناطق با تکیه بر عضویت دانشجویان در گروه‌های داوطلبانه امداد و نجات و تعیین الگوی روابط متقابل بین عوامل یاد شده پرداخته شد.تحقیق حاضر از لحاظ هدف کاربردی و در زمره تحقیقات توصیفی_همبستگی قرار دارد. جامعه آماری تحقیق را داوطلبان شاخه دانشجویی سازمان جوانان هلال احمر استان سمنان و ساکنان شهر سمنان تشکیل می‌دهند. همچنین برای جمع‌آوری اطلاعات از دو پرسشنامه محقق ساخته استفاده شد. همچنین برای تحلیل داده‌ها و دستیابی به اهداف تحقیق از تحلیل عاملی اکتشافی و تأییدی بهره گرفته شده است. آزمون مدل طراحی شده نشان داد متغیر پنهان دینداری تأثیر مثبت و معناداری به میزان 69 درصد بر عامل سرمایه اجتماعی و 52درصد بر امنیت مناطق آسیب‌دیده دارد. همچنین سرمایه اجتماعی با ضریب 0.65 نیز می‌تواند کمک مؤثری برای ترغیب جوانان در عضویت گروه‌های امدادی بنماید.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_20954_c0db6d560f795446e44528628ea59a73.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی 3041-8623 5 2 2016 07 22 An Investigation of the Relationship between Parenting styles, emotion regulation difficulties and resilience among the young offenders and non-offenders مقایسه سبک‌های فرزندپروری، دشواری در تنظیم هیجان و تاب‌آوری در جوانان مجرم و غیر مجرم 57 68 20955 10.22108/ssoss.2016.20955 FA قباد بهامین استادیار، گروه روان‌شناسی دانشگاه پیام نور واحد تهران، ایران گیتی شهبازی کارشناسی ارشد روان‌شناسی، دانشگاه پیام نورایلام، ایران شهرام مامی استادیار، گروه روان‌شناسی دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد ایلام، ایران Journal Article 2016 11 26 Introduction Attention to youth issues always is the most central issues. One of the factors that impact on crime among youths is deficits in emotion regulation that dealing with the development growth environment, otherwise it remains in the first shape. One of the other components that youth crime deprives them of many positive opportunities is parenting style which has a strong influence on emotion regulation difficulties with resilience in young people to committing crime have been taken into account. Parenting style is methods and specific behaviors that separately or in interact with each other affect the child's development. Authoritative parenting: It's the most appropriate approach of parenting; the authoritative parents demand reasonable requests by setting limits and insisting that children must obey, put into force. Authoritarian parenting: Parents expect their children to obey their orders without questioning them and less talk. Loose style: parents are love and acceptance, but do not expect to have any self-control, permissive parents freeing their children at any age, even though they are not capable of decision-making or can make decision (Papala, 2004; Davood Arab Ghahestani, 2011). Youth stage generally divided into transient from childhood to adulthood and adolescence and youth stage. However, in current circumstances, we talk to the youth to middle age; but transient and asymmetric development, as well as causes variety social harms; in such situation it is more important to pay attention to youth issues problems. On the other hand, decreasing slightly youth never means taking them out of the spotlight and also doesn't indicative of loss and reduction of problems.For this reason, addressing youth issues should be in a top priority, especially when allocated nearly half the youth population of the study and more than 70% of prisoners in Ilam city. Material & Methods Participants The population of this study consisted of all prisoners sentenced to common crimes and all ordinary youth in Ilam city, in which 280 patients (140 in each group) were selected by simple random sampling. Instrumentation The Parents authority The Parents authority Questionnaire (PAQ) (Burri, 1991) was used in the present study. The scale contained 30 items which has a 5 point Likert scale for responses and for the respondents completely disagree 1 score and completely agree 5 score. Emotion regulation difficulty This scale was developed by Gratzv Roemer (2004). This scale is composed of 36 items grading items; it uses a Likert-type rating scale. Resiliency Scale In this study, resilience was measured using the resiliency scale (CD-RIS) (Connor-Davidson, 2003). It includes 25 items; a 5-point Likert scale from 0 to 4 is used to measure the strength against pressure and threats. A minimum and maximum score of resiliency are zero and 100 . Descriptive findings, that is, mean, standard deviation, and frequency. As well as to measure the hypothesis the multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used. Research hypothesis: There is difference between parenting styles, emotion regulation difficulties and resilience in young offenders and non-offenders. There is difference between authoritative parenting style with difficulty in emotion regulation and resiliency in young offenders and non-offenders there. There is difference between authoritarian parenting style with youth offenders and non-offenders, in control of emotion regulation difficulties. There is difference between permissiveness style with youth offenders and non-offenders, in control of emotion regulation. Discussion of Results & Conclusions Descriptive statistics Table 1.1The mean and SD of the two groups of offenders and non-offenders Group Statistics index Authoritarian permissive Arbitrary Emotion regulation Resiliency offender mean 25.38 27.05 37.33 95.87 47.62 SD 4.56 4.85 4.54 16.82 19.69 N 140 139 139 140 139 non-offender mean 33.49 36.51 24.18 85.72 58.78 SD 5.21 6.25 7.57 18.05 15.11 N 140 139 139 140 139 As is seen in Table 1.1, the descriptive statistics showed the mean and standard deviation for offender and non-offender groups. Inference statistics: Table 2.1 MANOVA on dependent variable in offender and non-offender groups Trace numerator degrees of freedom hypothesis degree of freedom error F P Wilk's lambda trace Hotelling-Lawley's trace Roy's largest root 0.082 0.918 0.089 5 5 5 273 273 273 4.854 4.854 4.854 0.001 0.001 0.001 Multivariate Analysis of Variance (MANOA) was computed to assess the differences between offender and non-offender groups on independent variables. As shown in Table 2.1, difference between offender and non-offenders in one of the independent variables0.05) p<0.01) is significant. It can be concluded that the effect of guilty or not guilty on research linear combination variables is significant. Table 3.1 Analysis of variance on the dependent variable scores in the of offenders and non-offenders groups Variable Sums of Squares Degrees of Freedom Mean Squares F P effect Size Statistical power Authoritarian Permissive Arbitrary Emotion regulation Resiliency 38.809 82.234 120.086 1220.586 7171.74 1 1 1 1 1 38.809 82.234 120.086 1220.586 7171.74 3.95 4.02 4.14 4.013 23.280 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.001 0.069 0.071 0.075 0.073 0.078 0.92 0.95 0. 98 0. 97 0. 99 As in Table 3.1 reveal, difference between offender and non-offender groups is significance in authoritarian, arbitrary, emotion regulation, and resiliency parenting style. The results indicated that there was significant positive relationship between offender and non-offender groups according to parenting style. The results showed a significant differencebetween parenting style, difficulty regulating emotions and resilience in young offenders and non-offenders. It can be stated that due to the complex interactions, relationships, and experiences of the family members, with mental space of the family determined reactions space in accordance with this atmosphere. The findings of this study is accordance with the findings of Abolqasemi (1389) in regard to emotion regulation and tendency toward crime, the results showed that differences between the reactivity of the top and negative emotion regulation is significant. Zaree (2004) showed that strict parents indirectly cause the tendency of youths to crime. Also the finding of this study is accordance with findings of Alden (2009), Dowlatabadi et al., (2013). هدف این پژوهش مقایسه سبک‌های فرزند پروری، دشواری در تنظیم هیجان و تاب‌آوری درجوانان مجرم و غیر مجرم شهر ایلام است. جامعه آماری این پژوهش شامل کلیه زندانیان محکوم به جرایم عمومی وجوانان عادی شهر ایلام است که با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری تصادفی ساده تعداد 280 (140نفر از هر گروه) به عنوان نمونه این پژوهش انتخاب شدند. ابزارهای استفاده شده در این پژوهش شامل پرسشنامه اقتدار والدین (Buri, 1991)، پرسشنامه دشواری در نظم بخشی هیجانی (Gratz & Romer, 2004) و پرسشنامه تاب‌آوری (Conner & Davidson, 2003) است. برای تحلیل داده‌ها از تحلیل واریانس چند متغیره استفاده شد. یافته‌های این پژوهش نشان داد که بین سبک‌های فرزند پروری، دشواری در تنظیم هیجان و تاب‌آوری در جوانان مجرم و غیر مجرم در سطح P<0.01 تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد، با توجه به تأثیر مؤلفه‌های فوق در پدیده‌ گرایش به جرم در بین جوانان توجه به آن‌ها گامی مهم در راستای کاهش این پدیده مخرب اجتماعی است.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_20955_de77b258ae64087099e8f9227b081e19.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی 3041-8623 5 2 2016 07 22 Social Analysis of the Influencing Factors on the Experiencing Street Harassment by Female Students of University of Mazandaran تحلیل اجتماعی عوامل مؤثر بر میزان مورد مزاحمت خیابانی قرار گرفتن زنان و دختران (مطالعه موردی دانشجویان دختر دانشگاه مازندران) 69 88 20956 10.22108/ssoss.2016.20956 FA محمد اسماعیل ریاحی دانشیار، گروه علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه مازندران، ایران طاهره لطفی خاچکی کارشناس ارشد جامعه‌شناسی دانشگاه مازندران، ایران Journal Article 2016 11 26 Introduction: Street harassment towards women, which is considered to be one of the socio-cultural obstacles for active presence of women in societies, is observed with varying degrees in different countries of the world. Street harassment as a type of “gender related violence” is an basic problem for women to present in the public spaces. The purpose of this study is to investigate the amount and types of street harassment as well as to analyze the social factors that affect on the degree of street harassment. Material &Methods: The study is conducted via survey method; and data has been collected through self-administered questionnaire.362 Female students of University of Mazandaran have been selected by proportional classified random sampling method. In The present study, to obtain content validity at the first step, a primary questionnaire which constructed according to previous local and foreign studies applied, and then according to results of these questionnaires, some revisions done to the questionnaire so that it found that the used indices in it, demonstrate the semantic field of the main concepts. Furthermore, in this study construct validity of the main scales has been tested by means of factor analysis. To find out the reliability of research instrument, “Cronbach's Coefficient Alpha” has been used, which this coefficient for the criterion variable of the study is 0.89. In order to making a theoretical foundation, some theories such as Gender Socialization, Social Learning, and Feminist theories applied as a theoretical framework of the study. Discussion of Results& conclusions: The descriptive findings of the study indicate that only 2.6 percent of respondents in the past year have never been harassed; while a total of 70.6 percent of them have been under harassment, from several times a day to once a month. Non-physical harassments such as verbal abuse, honking or signaling with light with a motor vehicle, voyeurism, whistling and singing, blocking the way were the main types of the reported street harassments. The analytical results of this study also indicate that the “acceptance of gender role stereotypes” is negatively influenced on the experiencing street harassment; thus females who had more acceptances of gender role stereotypes are less likely to be the victim of street harassments. According to the findings of the present study, which is suported by previous studies, disagreement with gender role stereotypes by females is punished through harassments from males. It seems as though in those cultures which are based on “masculinity”, such strict norms expect females to avoid some behaviors in public places that are considered to be not aligned with the dominant culture. These behaviors include: speaking loudly and laughing, wearing some certain cloths, having conscious or non-conscious eye contact with strangers, etc. It is obvious that not observing these norms, which imposed themselves to females as strong but discriminating stereotypes, may increase the probability of street harassments on the part of males of the society. Moreover, although coefficient correlation demonstrates a significant relationship between “acceptance of masculine values” and “experiencing street harassment”, regression analysis does not bear witness to this fact, and shows that the more acceptances of masculine values does not necessarily lead to the more probability of street harassment. Furthermore, according to the results of regression analysis, social learning does not influence the rate of harassment. Because it is possible that offenders men, regardless of their cognition about passive or active behaviors of their victims, engage in the process of harassing which may be influenced by various individual and social factors. Therefore experiencing harassment by respondents was not influenced by any of “acceptance of masculine values” and “social learning of passive behaviors to harassment”. مزاحمت‏های خیابانی به عنوان آزارهایی مبتنی بر جنسیت، از مشکلات اساسی زنان برای حضور در فضاهای عمومی است. هدف از انجام پژوهش حاضر، تحلیل اجتماعی عوامل مؤثر بر میزان مورد مزاحمت خیابانی قرار گرفتن زنان و دختران، ضمن بررسی میزان و انواع مزاحمت‏های خیابانی است. بدین منظور از میان تمامی دانشجویان دختر دانشگاه مازندران شاغل به تحصیل در پردیس این دانشگاه، نمونه‏ای با حجم 362 نفر با استفاده از فرمول کوکران به دست آمد. نمونه‏گیری در این پژوهش، به شیوه تصادفی طبقه‏بندی شده متناسب انجام گرفته است و ابزار جمع‏آوری داده‏ها، پرسشنامه است. چارچوب به کار رفته در این پژوهش نظریه‏های فمنیستی، جامعه‏پذیری جنسیتی و یادگیری اجتماعی است. یافته‏های این تحقیق حاکی از این است که تنها 2.6 درصد پاسخگویان، در یک سال گذشته، هیچ وقت مورد مزاحمت قرار نگرفته‏اند؛ در مجموع 70.6 درصد پاسخگویان از روزی چندین بار تا ماهی یک بار مورد این مزاحمت‏ها قرار گرفته‏اند. نتایج تحلیلی این پژوهش نیز نشان می‏دهد که پذیرش کلیشه‏های نقش جنسیتی بر میزان مورد مزاحمت قرار گرفتن تأثیر منفی دارد، اما پذیرش ارزش‏های مردسالاری و یادگیری اجتماعی، هیچ یک بر میزان مورد مزاحمت قرار گرفتن مؤثر نیستند.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_20956_c360a9b0b5eb400dd8a203501e29e469.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی 3041-8623 5 2 2016 07 22 An Analysis on Spatial Distribution of Robbery Crimes in the Qorveh City تحلیل فضایی جرایم سرقت در سطح شهر قروه 89 104 20957 10.22108/ssoss.2016.20957 FA علی شماعی دانشیار، گروه جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری دانشگاه خوارزمی، ایران محمد ویسیان کارشناس ارشد جغرافیاو برنامه‌ریزی شهری دانشگاه خوارزمی، ایران آزاد اصغری کارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری دانشگاه خوارزمی، ایران سارا کمانگر کارشناس ارشد جغرافیا و برنامه‌ریزی شهری دانشگاه خوارزمی، ایران Journal Article 2016 11 26 Introduction Population growth and rapid urbanization means that crime as a social problem, threaten the quality of life. After industrialization and population density as a common problem in urban areas, income offense. An increase in crime in cities creates insecurity, chaos and confusion of life of citizens, this has a broad spiritual and material costs upon society. Robbery constitutes a significant proportion of crime in cities. Crimes of Robbery associated with everyday activities in society. The identification of the causes of crime and try to eliminate or mitigate its effects is the most important prevention strategy. Scholars have found place, person and time are three main elements shaping societal ills. Differences in spatial and behavioral characteristics, along with time, causes the spatial distribution of crime in the city is not the same, in some areas due to its features and characteristics of the social, economic and cultural residents, the rate of crime is higher. In the regard of offenses, the offenses related to Robbery is the most important and most complex problems in the cities of Iran, which has psychological and social effects on individuals and society. Because Robbery is more abundant than any other crime in the Qorveh city. Identification and spatial analysis of Robbery crime provides an opportunity to the police to respond faster. In this research, we focused on the study of the spatial distribution of population on committing criminal acts and the effect of environmental factors on the geographical areas in Qorveh. The following secondary objectives of this study will be to achieve the main goal, which includes: 1) the determining of the effect of the location on Robbery; 2) the recognition of the role of time in the event of Robbery, 3) the role and impact of urban space in the incidence of Robbery. Matherial & Methods This study in the regard of goal is practical and in the regard of method is analytical-descriptive. The case of study is Qorveh in Kurdistan province. Data used in the study consisted of a 2-year statistics (2010 -2011) Robbery crime that have been received from the city's police chief. The data and information collected by documentary-library and analysis of statistical techniques such as correlation coefficient using SPSS (to obtain the relationship between the offense and the time and place in Qorveh) and Geographic Information Systems GIS (for the distribution and the distribution of crime in the city). Discussion of Results & Conclusions The results show that most of crimes related to motorcycle Robbery, which has been made 29/48 percent of total crimes. Because of villagers’ daily trips to the town center for shopping and economic activities, in the very busy hours, situation becomes very suitable for Robbery, which the motorcycle Robbery is the most. The highest number of robbery offenses and their distribution have occurred within the city's main streets, which shows the distribution pattern of Robbery crimes in the city-will follow the pattern of population density. In other areas and city streets have not seen much difference in the type of crimes. Nearly homogeneous scattered crimes show geographical areas are according to their characteristics that can influence the number and type of crimes. Crimes distribution and density patterns are following time, place and years’ seasons, which mean by changing trends of hours across the daily life, the kind of Robbery changed too. Also, there is meaningful correlation between crimes’ location and the repeated times’, and the kind of crime and its occurred season. This indicates that in each of the city's urban Spaces, due to their situations, occur a particular type of crime. مسأله‌ای که امروزه متولیان امر امنیت با آن مواجه هستند، افزایش جرایم سرقت است. یکی از ارکان مهم مدیریت بهینه شهرها، تحلیل فضایی جرایم شهری در سطح مناطق است. لذا هدف این پژوهش دستیابی به چگونگی پراکندگی جراِیم و بررسی رابطه بین متغیرهای محیطی با متغیر نوع جرم، متغیر زمانی و نوع جرم (تحلیل زمانی و مکانی ارتکاب به سرقت) و شناسایی مناطق جرم‌خیز در شهر قروه است. این پژوهش از نظر هدف کاربردی و از نظر روش توصیفی- تحلیلی و همبستگی است. محدوده مورد پژوهش شهر قروه در استان کردستان است. داده‌های مورد استفاده در پژوهش شامل آمار 2 ساله (1389 -1390) جرایم سرقت است که از فرماندهی نیروی انتظامی شهرستان قروه دریافت شده است. داده‌ها و اطلاعات از روش اسنادی-کتابخانه‌ای گردآوری ‌شده است و برای تجزیه ‌و تحلیل آن‌ها از روش‌های آماری از قبیل ضریب همبستگی در نرم‌افزار SPSS (برای به دست آوردن رابطه میزان جرم و زمان و مکان در شهر قروه) و سیستم اطلاعات جغرافیایی GIS (برای نشان دادن توزیع و پراکندگی جرایم در سطح شهر) استفاده‌شده است. نتایج نشان می‌دهد که بیشترین نوع جرم از میان جرایم سرقت صورت گرفته مربوط به جرم سرقت موتورسیکلت به میزان 48/29 درصد از کل جرایم بوده است. بیشترین تعداد جرایم سرقت نیز در محدوده خیابان‌های اصلی شهر به وقوع پیوسته است و الگوی توزیع و پراکندگی جرایم نیز از زمان، مکان و فصول سال تبعیت می‌کند به این معنی که با روند تغییر ساعت در طول شبانه‌روز نوع جرم سرقت نیز تغییریافته به‌ طوری‌که در ساعات روشنایی روز (از ساعت 6 صبح تا 18 عصر) بیشترین جرایم مربوط به سرقت موتورسیکلت و در زمان تاریکی (از ساعت 18 عصر الی 6 بامداد) جرایم سرقت مربوط به منزل و ماشین بیشتر اتفاق افتاده است. همچنین بین موقع مکانی جرم با میزان وقوع آن رابطه معناداری وجود دارد به این صورت که در فضاهای مسکونی بیشترین جرم مربوط به سرقت منازل و در خیابان و میدان‌ها شلوغ شهری سرقت از نوع موتور است و نوع سرقت با فصل وقوع رابطه معناداری وجود دارد به‌طوری در سه فصل اول سال بیشترین سرقت مربوط به موتورسیکلت است.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_20957_9e0e8dd8d3a49c64f8abd11790c4ccc4.pdf