University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 5 4 2017 01 20 Investigation of Relationship between Moral Intelligence and Traffic Awareness withTraffic Violations of Drivers in Yasouj Investigation of Relationship between Moral Intelligence and Traffic Awareness withTraffic Violations of Drivers in Yasouj 1 18 21148 10.22108/ssoss.2017.21148 FA Asghar Mirfardi university of Shiraz, Iran 0000-0002-1219-4485 Siroos Ahmadi Yasouj University, Iran Razieh Amiri Yasouj University, Iran Journal Article 2014 01 27 Introduction: Many people die around the world, especially in developing world, in traffic events and crashes, which is one of driving deviations' consequences, so that about 1.2 people die and more than 50 million people injured, annually. About 90 percentages of this statistics contribute to low or medium income countries and it estimate that this rate will be increased during 2000 to 2020 years about 65 percentages in the world and 80 percentages in low or medium income countries (Ekhteyari and Shams, 2009). Mortality of deriving crashes in Iran is 15 times more than developed countries and more prevalent factor influencing it is human agency (Soori et. Al., 2009, Mirfardi et. Al., 2013), so that human factors is about in 90 to 95 percentages of driving accidents, the human factor has been fault, solely or commonly with other factors (Yaaghouubi, 2000).The road accidents in Iran is 20 times more than world average and 2.5 percentages of world road accidents are happened in Iran while Iran has just 1 percentage of world population (Mirfardi et al, 2013). Driving deviation, besides leading to urban disordering, already had harmful financial and life dimension consequences for different societies, especially for Iran society, and caused traffic insecurity. The present study examined the relationship between moral intelligence and traffic awareness with traffic violations of drivers in Yasouj. Material & Methods: Using survey method and questionnaire technique, this study has been done. The statistical society, were all 18 -60 years old citizens of Yasouj with a driver's license and driving their own vehicles during 2 months before collecting data of this study. Sample size were estimated by Morgan sampling table (1970) regarding significant level (0.95), statistical society size include all 18 -60 years old citizens of Yasouj with a driver's license and driving their own vehicles during 2 months before collecting data of this study (about 8000 persons), from which about 367 persons were estimated as sample size. Using multi-stage random sampling method, a total of 367 people were selected. A questionnaire designed by the researchers and the content validity used for validity evaluation, and internal consistency and reliability was determined via the Kuder and Richardson method. Data were collected based on multi-stage random sampling method in the areas of Salem Abad, Rahnamaiee, Terminal, Mahmood Abad, Eram, Shahed, Golestan, Keshavarzi, Moalem, Shohada, Zirtol, Bensenjan, DolatAbad, SharafAbad, Emamat) which are representative areas of Yasouj city, socio-economically. Discussion of Results & Conclusions: Descriptive results of the study indicated that there is a high rate of traffic violations among drivers so that about 94.8 percentages of drivers in Yasouj, during the two months before collecting data have been committed to driving violations. As Yasouj city has been experienced a large amount of population increase during the past three decades and has been transformed from traditional communities to a semi-modern and semi- traditional community, this finding is consistency with Agburn's theory about cultural lag in transformation of societies. Analytical results of research showed significant indirect relationship between moral intelligence and traffic awareness with traffic violations. The mentioned dominant variables determine about 18 percentages of the variances changes in dependent variable (traffic violations). Findings of this study showed significant indirect relationship betweenmoral intelligence and traffic awareness with traffic violations. This finding is compatible with the result of study of Avaz & Meyghat (2010) and the result of study of Ferasat & sadeghi (2011) which all of them showed that traffic awareness has significant relationship with driving performance and violation. As theoretical framework indicates, this situation is one of indicators of communities with cultural lag traits. Yasouj city has been experienced increasing growth during past decades in land size and population size, and as well the numbers of automobiles have been increases, consequently; while the driving styles and methods among considerable numbers of drivers in Yasouj is not compatible with driving and traffic rules. This situation has been created a kind of discoordination in quantity and quality of material and cultural changes, and, as a result, has created traffic violations in this city. By other words, increasing in traffic awareness is lead to less driving violations; while traffic awareness of Yasouj city drivers has not been formed regarding the extension of transportation vehicles in this city and has not been increases to ideal level. The average level of traffic awareness among Yasouj city drivers has been less than expected average amount or even in the low level. Results showed that increasing in moral intelligence of drivers is lead to less driving violations. In the other words, knowledge of people about their environment and life world and its behavioral regularities, will be effective in optimizing of individual and social behaviors if it be with a kind of moral commitment. Individual and knowledge, beside of its morality existence, may lead to behavioral disasters, in spite of improvement for own person and others. Moral commitment and moral intelligence caused to prevention of deviances and errors. Driving, as a behavior, which may lead to dangerous behaviors, need to applying moral intelligence by drivers for having and keeping more security feeling for drivers, passengers and passers. The moral intelligence reduce need to police for regularizing the behaviors of drivers and commitment with individual creativity become efficient in making healthy and secure driving. Introduction: Many people die around the world, especially in developing world, in traffic events and crashes, which is one of driving deviations' consequences, so that about 1.2 people die and more than 50 million people injured, annually. About 90 percentages of this statistics contribute to low or medium income countries and it estimate that this rate will be increased during 2000 to 2020 years about 65 percentages in the world and 80 percentages in low or medium income countries (Ekhteyari and Shams, 2009). Mortality of deriving crashes in Iran is 15 times more than developed countries and more prevalent factor influencing it is human agency (Soori et. Al., 2009, Mirfardi et. Al., 2013), so that human factors is about in 90 to 95 percentages of driving accidents, the human factor has been fault, solely or commonly with other factors (Yaaghouubi, 2000).The road accidents in Iran is 20 times more than world average and 2.5 percentages of world road accidents are happened in Iran while Iran has just 1 percentage of world population (Mirfardi et al, 2013). Driving deviation, besides leading to urban disordering, already had harmful financial and life dimension consequences for different societies, especially for Iran society, and caused traffic insecurity. The present study examined the relationship between moral intelligence and traffic awareness with traffic violations of drivers in Yasouj. Material & Methods: Using survey method and questionnaire technique, this study has been done. The statistical society, were all 18 -60 years old citizens of Yasouj with a driver's license and driving their own vehicles during 2 months before collecting data of this study. Sample size were estimated by Morgan sampling table (1970) regarding significant level (0.95), statistical society size include all 18 -60 years old citizens of Yasouj with a driver's license and driving their own vehicles during 2 months before collecting data of this study (about 8000 persons), from which about 367 persons were estimated as sample size. Using multi-stage random sampling method, a total of 367 people were selected. A questionnaire designed by the researchers and the content validity used for validity evaluation, and internal consistency and reliability was determined via the Kuder and Richardson method. Data were collected based on multi-stage random sampling method in the areas of Salem Abad, Rahnamaiee, Terminal, Mahmood Abad, Eram, Shahed, Golestan, Keshavarzi, Moalem, Shohada, Zirtol, Bensenjan, DolatAbad, SharafAbad, Emamat) which are representative areas of Yasouj city, socio-economically. Discussion of Results & Conclusions: Descriptive results of the study indicated that there is a high rate of traffic violations among drivers so that about 94.8 percentages of drivers in Yasouj, during the two months before collecting data have been committed to driving violations. As Yasouj city has been experienced a large amount of population increase during the past three decades and has been transformed from traditional communities to a semi-modern and semi- traditional community, this finding is consistency with Agburn's theory about cultural lag in transformation of societies. Analytical results of research showed significant indirect relationship between moral intelligence and traffic awareness with traffic violations. The mentioned dominant variables determine about 18 percentages of the variances changes in dependent variable (traffic violations). Findings of this study showed significant indirect relationship betweenmoral intelligence and traffic awareness with traffic violations. This finding is compatible with the result of study of Avaz & Meyghat (2010) and the result of study of Ferasat & sadeghi (2011) which all of them showed that traffic awareness has significant relationship with driving performance and violation. As theoretical framework indicates, this situation is one of indicators of communities with cultural lag traits. Yasouj city has been experienced increasing growth during past decades in land size and population size, and as well the numbers of automobiles have been increases, consequently; while the driving styles and methods among considerable numbers of drivers in Yasouj is not compatible with driving and traffic rules. This situation has been created a kind of discoordination in quantity and quality of material and cultural changes, and, as a result, has created traffic violations in this city. By other words, increasing in traffic awareness is lead to less driving violations; while traffic awareness of Yasouj city drivers has not been formed regarding the extension of transportation vehicles in this city and has not been increases to ideal level. The average level of traffic awareness among Yasouj city drivers has been less than expected average amount or even in the low level. Results showed that increasing in moral intelligence of drivers is lead to less driving violations. In the other words, knowledge of people about their environment and life world and its behavioral regularities, will be effective in optimizing of individual and social behaviors if it be with a kind of moral commitment. Individual and knowledge, beside of its morality existence, may lead to behavioral disasters, in spite of improvement for own person and others. Moral commitment and moral intelligence caused to prevention of deviances and errors. Driving, as a behavior, which may lead to dangerous behaviors, need to applying moral intelligence by drivers for having and keeping more security feeling for drivers, passengers and passers. The moral intelligence reduce need to police for regularizing the behaviors of drivers and commitment with individual creativity become efficient in making healthy and secure driving.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_21148_e6e8667e230d96e18161c0a17c577b31.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 5 4 2017 01 20 Linkage of Mosque -market: social cohesion in Tehran Bazaar Linkage of Mosque -market: social cohesion in Tehran Bazaar 19 48 21264 10.22108/ssoss.2017.21264 FA Mozghan Hosseinighomi University of Tehran, Iran Maryam Rezaei University of Al-zahra, Iran Journal Article 2017 02 28 Introduction Iranian markets confluence of religion and the worlds of people. Iranian markets as the economic heart of the city, and schools and mosques have been as the cultural and ideological bases. Uniting these two elements, the economy and culture (ideology), has created many political and social changes in the contemporary history of Iran. The findings showed that the merchants in their economic activities were very faithful to his covenant. Failure to adhere to the norms of the contract leads to the exclusion of individual from the network of social and economic relations were on the market. Social cohesion, the result of accepting and internalizing the values and norms of a society. In the present study we investigated the relationship between mosque and market and its role in social cohesion and Followed by reduce the social problem and transaction costs of socioeconomics’ market. Material & Methods This study is cross sectional; therefore, the data was collected in one short time. The designs of this study to answer the first question, different methods were used. Because of Tehran Bazaar social dimension is not known as other markets. So as to understand a complex social phenomenon was unknown, it seemed Case Study Research appropriate study. In this study, a standardized questionnaire was used to collect information. The statistical population based on information about the units in Tehran. According to the important criteria, such as the importance of Guilds, the ratio of people per Guild and type of occupational activity sample size in this study was determined. Quota sampling as a non-probability sampling technique was used. In quota sampling, a population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling. Then judgement is used to select the subjects or units from each segment based on a specified proportion. Accordingly, data based on 200 questionnaires that distributed among the participants were gathered. Discussion of Results Conclusions This study shows the social cohesion in Tehran marketplace. The findings and assess the relationship between the variables of the research has shown that by increasing the level of social trust, economy ethic increased and transaction costs reduced Also, by increasing social cohesion and values, ethics of economic is raised. If the network of economic relations is too nested, the borders are so tight that enter and leave the New forces doesn’t easy and Increases the possibility of duplicate links. These finding provide the following insights for future research: Combined approach is the best way for such research, a deep understanding of market behavior needs to interaction with them and in the design of policies and laws to reduce transaction costs and improve economic performance must relationship it with non-formal institutions was recognized. Increase in lying and fraud unhealthy competition and, cheating in current market of Tehran, increase social costs of economic exchanges and reduced the amount and bulk of economic exchange. Where hypocrisy and deceit are as the dominant social relations, there are no any social trust. And contributing members of society instead of pluralism and Synergies will be looking for selfish individualism. Introduction Iranian markets confluence of religion and the worlds of people. Iranian markets as the economic heart of the city, and schools and mosques have been as the cultural and ideological bases. Uniting these two elements, the economy and culture (ideology), has created many political and social changes in the contemporary history of Iran. The findings showed that the merchants in their economic activities were very faithful to his covenant. Failure to adhere to the norms of the contract leads to the exclusion of individual from the network of social and economic relations were on the market. Social cohesion, the result of accepting and internalizing the values and norms of a society. In the present study we investigated the relationship between mosque and market and its role in social cohesion and Followed by reduce the social problem and transaction costs of socioeconomics’ market. Material & Methods This study is cross sectional; therefore, the data was collected in one short time. The designs of this study to answer the first question, different methods were used. Because of Tehran Bazaar social dimension is not known as other markets. So as to understand a complex social phenomenon was unknown, it seemed Case Study Research appropriate study. In this study, a standardized questionnaire was used to collect information. The statistical population based on information about the units in Tehran. According to the important criteria, such as the importance of Guilds, the ratio of people per Guild and type of occupational activity sample size in this study was determined. Quota sampling as a non-probability sampling technique was used. In quota sampling, a population is first segmented into mutually exclusive sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling. Then judgement is used to select the subjects or units from each segment based on a specified proportion. Accordingly, data based on 200 questionnaires that distributed among the participants were gathered. Discussion of Results Conclusions This study shows the social cohesion in Tehran marketplace. The findings and assess the relationship between the variables of the research has shown that by increasing the level of social trust, economy ethic increased and transaction costs reduced Also, by increasing social cohesion and values, ethics of economic is raised. If the network of economic relations is too nested, the borders are so tight that enter and leave the New forces doesn’t easy and Increases the possibility of duplicate links. These finding provide the following insights for future research: Combined approach is the best way for such research, a deep understanding of market behavior needs to interaction with them and in the design of policies and laws to reduce transaction costs and improve economic performance must relationship it with non-formal institutions was recognized. Increase in lying and fraud unhealthy competition and, cheating in current market of Tehran, increase social costs of economic exchanges and reduced the amount and bulk of economic exchange. Where hypocrisy and deceit are as the dominant social relations, there are no any social trust. And contributing members of society instead of pluralism and Synergies will be looking for selfish individualism.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_21264_ae6e55df533a7daf0632e85b8519c0c4.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 5 4 2017 01 20 Identification and Spatial Analysis of Hotspot in Metropolitan Areas Case Study: Area 12 of Tehran Metropolitan Identification and Spatial Analysis of Hotspot in Metropolitan Areas Case Study: Area 12 of Tehran Metropolitan 49 68 21275 10.22108/ssoss.2017.21275 FA Faryad Parhiz University of Isfahan, Iran Asqar Zarabi University of Isfahan, Iran Jamal Mohammadi University of Isfahan, Iran Abolfazl Meshkini University Tabriat Moddares, Iran Journal Article 2015 01 31 Introduction The advent of different kinds of social abnormalities in the exhausted textures of Tehran Metropolis have become a very important concern for urban, judicial, and security managers. Nowadays, it is utterly identified that there is an established relationship between committing crimes and the place of their commitment. In fact, considering the place, as the immediate cause of social pathologies compared with the individual or structural factors, it seems more feasible to provide practical solutions from prevention of social pathologies. One of the most important and complex issues of Tehran metropolitan city at the present time is the high frequency of crimes and social disorders in the con text of the city's old areas. In addition to creating a sense of insecurity and pessimism, this has caused heavy mental and physical injuries on the shoulders of citizens despite great efforts and budget expenditures. According to the official statistics, the number of crimes of the 12th District of Tehran that is known as the Nasery-eraTehran, is much higher than other areas of Tehran. Thus, increase in social pathologies with physical injuries has made this area a dangerous place and hard to live. The first step should be to provide a time-space analysis of various social pathologies of the area, so that strategies to confront these disorders will be decided soon. Material & Methods This study is a practical study with comparative and analytical approach. To identify and understand the spatial pattern of crime in the city, it has used statistical models and graphics based on the geographical information system (GIS). The most important statistical tests used are Spatial autocorrelation and Moran's Index. In this study, in addition to statistical tests, graphics methods such as kernel density estimation method has been also used. The data related to crimes of the 12th District have been considered as point events. Discussion of Results & Conclusions According to the research results, the degree of committed crimes in Area 12, also known as Tehran of Nasseri Age, is much more than other areas in Tehran. Therefore, the increase in social abnormalities along with physical anomalies are among current issues and problems of this area and have faced this area with serious problems in terms of social abnormalities and made the access to strategies for controlling and coping with these anomalies necessary. Accordingly, the present study is aimed at identifying and analyzing spatially crime-prone canons of pick-pocketing in Area 12 of Tehran Metropolis using statistical models and GIS. According to the research findings, the value of Moran's I for the total of social anomalies of pick-pocketing in the area is 0.37 and z-score is 17.76. Regarding the positive value of Moran's I and the high absolute Z-score, the dispersion pattern of social disorder of pick-pocketing can be calculated using the clustering method. In other words, with a confidence level as 99%, it can be claimed that social anomalies and disorder of pick-pocketing in Area 12 are distributed in the space in a clustered form. Therefore, the investigated spatial pattern of crimes follows clustering and centralized patterns. Temporal analysis of committing the crime of pick-pocketing using motorcycles in Area 12 indicates the general tendency of this crime in Sundays, Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays and from 10.30 AM to 18.30 PM. Temporal analysis of committing pick-pocketing by pedestrian criminals indicates the general tendency of committing this crime in middle days of a week from 8 AM to 14 PM. Among investigated crimes, pick-pocketing in Thursdays and from 17.30 to 18.30 PM is the peak of committing it with 3 to 4 cases of committing it in this time and day. It seems that the reason of high rate of this crime in this time and day is more presence of people for purchases in days of weekend days and in afternoons in shopping malls of Area 12. These issues provide appropriate opportunities for criminals to select their victims and commit their crimes in this time and among crowded population. Introduction The advent of different kinds of social abnormalities in the exhausted textures of Tehran Metropolis have become a very important concern for urban, judicial, and security managers. Nowadays, it is utterly identified that there is an established relationship between committing crimes and the place of their commitment. In fact, considering the place, as the immediate cause of social pathologies compared with the individual or structural factors, it seems more feasible to provide practical solutions from prevention of social pathologies. One of the most important and complex issues of Tehran metropolitan city at the present time is the high frequency of crimes and social disorders in the con text of the city's old areas. In addition to creating a sense of insecurity and pessimism, this has caused heavy mental and physical injuries on the shoulders of citizens despite great efforts and budget expenditures. According to the official statistics, the number of crimes of the 12th District of Tehran that is known as the Nasery-eraTehran, is much higher than other areas of Tehran. Thus, increase in social pathologies with physical injuries has made this area a dangerous place and hard to live. The first step should be to provide a time-space analysis of various social pathologies of the area, so that strategies to confront these disorders will be decided soon. Material & Methods This study is a practical study with comparative and analytical approach. To identify and understand the spatial pattern of crime in the city, it has used statistical models and graphics based on the geographical information system (GIS). The most important statistical tests used are Spatial autocorrelation and Moran's Index. In this study, in addition to statistical tests, graphics methods such as kernel density estimation method has been also used. The data related to crimes of the 12th District have been considered as point events. Discussion of Results & Conclusions According to the research results, the degree of committed crimes in Area 12, also known as Tehran of Nasseri Age, is much more than other areas in Tehran. Therefore, the increase in social abnormalities along with physical anomalies are among current issues and problems of this area and have faced this area with serious problems in terms of social abnormalities and made the access to strategies for controlling and coping with these anomalies necessary. Accordingly, the present study is aimed at identifying and analyzing spatially crime-prone canons of pick-pocketing in Area 12 of Tehran Metropolis using statistical models and GIS. According to the research findings, the value of Moran's I for the total of social anomalies of pick-pocketing in the area is 0.37 and z-score is 17.76. Regarding the positive value of Moran's I and the high absolute Z-score, the dispersion pattern of social disorder of pick-pocketing can be calculated using the clustering method. In other words, with a confidence level as 99%, it can be claimed that social anomalies and disorder of pick-pocketing in Area 12 are distributed in the space in a clustered form. Therefore, the investigated spatial pattern of crimes follows clustering and centralized patterns. Temporal analysis of committing the crime of pick-pocketing using motorcycles in Area 12 indicates the general tendency of this crime in Sundays, Mondays, Tuesdays, Wednesdays, and Thursdays and from 10.30 AM to 18.30 PM. Temporal analysis of committing pick-pocketing by pedestrian criminals indicates the general tendency of committing this crime in middle days of a week from 8 AM to 14 PM. Among investigated crimes, pick-pocketing in Thursdays and from 17.30 to 18.30 PM is the peak of committing it with 3 to 4 cases of committing it in this time and day. It seems that the reason of high rate of this crime in this time and day is more presence of people for purchases in days of weekend days and in afternoons in shopping malls of Area 12. These issues provide appropriate opportunities for criminals to select their victims and commit their crimes in this time and among crowded population.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_21275_ca6faddd124146cd609a93dddf79c024.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 5 4 2017 01 20 The Relationship between Rural Economic Poverty and Rangelands Degradation The Case of Central District of Farsan County The Relationship between Rural Economic Poverty and Rangelands Degradation The Case of Central District of Farsan County 69 78 21276 10.22108/ssoss.2017.21276 FA Elaheh Davoodi Farsani Yasouj University, Iran Mehdi Nooripoor Yasouj University, Iran Journal Article 2017 02 28 Introduction Based on the United Nations definition, fundamentally, poverty is the inability of getting choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to feed and clothe a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow one’s food or a job to earn one’s living, not having access to credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities. It means susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living in marginal or fragile environments, without access to clean water or sanitation. On the other hand, in many developing countries where rangelands are a dominant land type and critically important in livelihoods of a significant portion of the population, severe rangeland degradation and/or conflicts over rangeland use can create significant social, economic, and environmental problems. Among all sustainable development challenges, poverty and rangeland degradation are two basic and important obstacles especially in Third World countries. These two factors are important not only because of their negative effects on achieving sustainable development, but also because they have an intensifying and interactive relationship with each other and threaten third world countries development and endanger the global environment as a serious crisis. Material & Methods The present study was carried out to investigate the relationship between rural poverty and rangelands degradation in central district of Farsan County. Survey research method with a pre-designed questionnaire was used to collect data from the study area. Face validity of the supposed questionnaire was verified by faculty staff of the Rural Development Department of Yasouj University. Also, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient as a criteria of the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated above 0.70 based on the data collected in a pilot study. Research population consisted of all household heads of the supposed study area that about 346 rural households were selected as research sample. Research questionnaire included 3 parts: the first one was about the measurement of poverty, second part was about the measurement of rangelands degradation and the final part was about demographic variables. The absolute poverty line is defined as the amount of income which according to cultural, social and economic aspects evaluated to be necessary to meet the minimum needs of individuals (such as food, clothing, housing, etc.), or at least conditions such as a minimum level of income, education, housing and so on. This method for determining the poverty line is called basic needs method. On the other hand, the relative poverty line is defined as a certain percentage of income or average income of the whole society in the form of a border or a certain percentage of the population whose income is lower than the Minimum. In this study, the relative poverty line was considered and to facilitate proper statistical analysis, both poverty and degradation scores were calculated and/ or computed for per capita. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The results showed that the majority of the respondents were between 41 to 50 years old (about 29.1%). Most of them were male, married and illiterate. Also, the average family size was 4.67. Most of them have a monthly income between 5 and 10 million Rials. The average household food expenditure was 5440000 Rials and 5890000 Rials for non-food Expenditure. In this research, in the studied region, the per-capita relative poverty line was calculated 1213000 Rials for the year 2014. The results also showed that there are statistically significant differences between poor and non-poor respondents based on their ages and education level. According to the findings, about 14 percent of the respondents were poor. The results also showed a high degree of rangelands degradation in the studied region. The average score for rangeland degradation was 3.27 in a continuum from 1 to 5. Moreover, according to the results of research, the average score of rangeland degradation by poor respondents was more than non- poor respondents while this difference was significant statistically at 0.001 level. Introduction Based on the United Nations definition, fundamentally, poverty is the inability of getting choices and opportunities, a violation of human dignity. It means lack of basic capacity to participate effectively in society. It means not having enough to feed and clothe a family, not having a school or clinic to go to, not having the land on which to grow one’s food or a job to earn one’s living, not having access to credit. It means insecurity, powerlessness and exclusion of individuals, households and communities. It means susceptibility to violence, and it often implies living in marginal or fragile environments, without access to clean water or sanitation. On the other hand, in many developing countries where rangelands are a dominant land type and critically important in livelihoods of a significant portion of the population, severe rangeland degradation and/or conflicts over rangeland use can create significant social, economic, and environmental problems. Among all sustainable development challenges, poverty and rangeland degradation are two basic and important obstacles especially in Third World countries. These two factors are important not only because of their negative effects on achieving sustainable development, but also because they have an intensifying and interactive relationship with each other and threaten third world countries development and endanger the global environment as a serious crisis. Material & Methods The present study was carried out to investigate the relationship between rural poverty and rangelands degradation in central district of Farsan County. Survey research method with a pre-designed questionnaire was used to collect data from the study area. Face validity of the supposed questionnaire was verified by faculty staff of the Rural Development Department of Yasouj University. Also, the Cronbach's alpha coefficient as a criteria of the reliability of the questionnaire was calculated above 0.70 based on the data collected in a pilot study. Research population consisted of all household heads of the supposed study area that about 346 rural households were selected as research sample. Research questionnaire included 3 parts: the first one was about the measurement of poverty, second part was about the measurement of rangelands degradation and the final part was about demographic variables. The absolute poverty line is defined as the amount of income which according to cultural, social and economic aspects evaluated to be necessary to meet the minimum needs of individuals (such as food, clothing, housing, etc.), or at least conditions such as a minimum level of income, education, housing and so on. This method for determining the poverty line is called basic needs method. On the other hand, the relative poverty line is defined as a certain percentage of income or average income of the whole society in the form of a border or a certain percentage of the population whose income is lower than the Minimum. In this study, the relative poverty line was considered and to facilitate proper statistical analysis, both poverty and degradation scores were calculated and/ or computed for per capita. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The results showed that the majority of the respondents were between 41 to 50 years old (about 29.1%). Most of them were male, married and illiterate. Also, the average family size was 4.67. Most of them have a monthly income between 5 and 10 million Rials. The average household food expenditure was 5440000 Rials and 5890000 Rials for non-food Expenditure. In this research, in the studied region, the per-capita relative poverty line was calculated 1213000 Rials for the year 2014. The results also showed that there are statistically significant differences between poor and non-poor respondents based on their ages and education level. According to the findings, about 14 percent of the respondents were poor. The results also showed a high degree of rangelands degradation in the studied region. The average score for rangeland degradation was 3.27 in a continuum from 1 to 5. Moreover, according to the results of research, the average score of rangeland degradation by poor respondents was more than non- poor respondents while this difference was significant statistically at 0.001 level.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_21276_08473a12907aad7e42ac36dc0f4c79f9.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 5 4 2017 01 20 A Qualitative Study about Social Context of Cigarette Smoking Among Students in Men Dormitory A Qualitative Study about Social Context of Cigarette Smoking Among Students in Men Dormitory 79 98 21277 10.22108/ssoss.2017.21277 FA Hossein Afrasiabi Yazd University, Iran Javad Maddahi Yazd University, Iran Journal Article 2017 02 28 Introduction Cigarette smoking recognized harmful for human health for decades biologically and psychologically and studied in different disciplines. According to "World Health Organization" report, cigarette introduced as addictive and Addiction to nicotine is as addictive and dangerous as heroin and dependence on it is progressive. Although smoking is known as a substance harmful to human health, this risky behavior increasingly raised specially among youth around world. The prevalence of smoking, especially smoking among students, as the educated class of society that can affect all segments of society. Many studies on the prevalence and risk factors of smoking among students was conducted. Most of these studies was quantitative and showed increasing the prevalence of smoking in universities. The aim of this study that done in qualitative approach, was to explore the meaning and facilitator motives and contexts for cigarette smoking among university students. Material & Methods Considering cigarette smoking as a meaningful social action, can be captured better in an interpretative and qualitative approach. Accordingly, present study used qualitative research. Qualitative research, versus quantitative one, the researcher merge in field and usually don’t use statistical methods for data analysis. Grounded theory strategy used as research design and data analysis. Research data collected by semi-structured interview that begins by the approach employed to achieve concepts and categories interview was informal dialogue. After the initial concepts were revealed, Using the general interview guide approach, elements and concepts in the interview process were followed. Research field was at Yazd University male dormitories. Participants sample included 38 male students that selected by purposeful sampling method and theoretical sampling is performed compatible with the nature of the underlying theory.Data gathered with semi-structured interview and analyzed by theoretical coding method in three stages including open, selective and axial coding. Discussion of Results & Conclusions In line by line analysis of data by open coding, 81 initial concept emerged and then linked together into 24 categories and sub-categories by selective coding. In this phase, main categories and a core Category emerged from Data include Family problems, Smoking as symbol of grief and protest, First semester, term hazard, Friends norm and pressure for conformity, dormitory conditions, and Marginalization of schooling. Experience and representation of smoking selected as core category. According to findings, cigarette smoking has multiple meaning and affecting factors among students. This meaningful action is a process that started before university entrance. Most of research participants started smoking in peer groups or families. They spoke about family bad sphere and family motivating as a main cause of tendency to smoking. Among different family conditions, family poverty, addicted or aggressive parents are two main ones. Some of participants interpreted smoking as a reaction to their family and social conditions or an instrument for social representation. They learned from their parents or close friends that manage their problems in risky ways. In this issue, adolescence experiences was crucial. In university stage, coming far away from family was reduced Family control and accelerated smoking action. Living in dormitory in close to smoker persons, available a situation that students experienced normative pressure for smoking with their roommates. These all conditions are more crucial for first semester that students were far away family and experienced relative autonomy in social relations. Learning from new friends in dormitory and sense of freedom from family and community control move students to smoking as an instrument for adopting with new conditions. Some other Themes such as leisure time and sign for protest and grief was important. Participant lack of meaningful leisure time play important role in smoking. Some students used cigarette for decreasing negative emotions. If they attain to a meaningful leisure, they manage their time better. Finally research main categories interconnected with a paradigm model and relations discussed. Introduction Cigarette smoking recognized harmful for human health for decades biologically and psychologically and studied in different disciplines. According to "World Health Organization" report, cigarette introduced as addictive and Addiction to nicotine is as addictive and dangerous as heroin and dependence on it is progressive. Although smoking is known as a substance harmful to human health, this risky behavior increasingly raised specially among youth around world. The prevalence of smoking, especially smoking among students, as the educated class of society that can affect all segments of society. Many studies on the prevalence and risk factors of smoking among students was conducted. Most of these studies was quantitative and showed increasing the prevalence of smoking in universities. The aim of this study that done in qualitative approach, was to explore the meaning and facilitator motives and contexts for cigarette smoking among university students. Material & Methods Considering cigarette smoking as a meaningful social action, can be captured better in an interpretative and qualitative approach. Accordingly, present study used qualitative research. Qualitative research, versus quantitative one, the researcher merge in field and usually don’t use statistical methods for data analysis. Grounded theory strategy used as research design and data analysis. Research data collected by semi-structured interview that begins by the approach employed to achieve concepts and categories interview was informal dialogue. After the initial concepts were revealed, Using the general interview guide approach, elements and concepts in the interview process were followed. Research field was at Yazd University male dormitories. Participants sample included 38 male students that selected by purposeful sampling method and theoretical sampling is performed compatible with the nature of the underlying theory.Data gathered with semi-structured interview and analyzed by theoretical coding method in three stages including open, selective and axial coding. Discussion of Results & Conclusions In line by line analysis of data by open coding, 81 initial concept emerged and then linked together into 24 categories and sub-categories by selective coding. In this phase, main categories and a core Category emerged from Data include Family problems, Smoking as symbol of grief and protest, First semester, term hazard, Friends norm and pressure for conformity, dormitory conditions, and Marginalization of schooling. Experience and representation of smoking selected as core category. According to findings, cigarette smoking has multiple meaning and affecting factors among students. This meaningful action is a process that started before university entrance. Most of research participants started smoking in peer groups or families. They spoke about family bad sphere and family motivating as a main cause of tendency to smoking. Among different family conditions, family poverty, addicted or aggressive parents are two main ones. Some of participants interpreted smoking as a reaction to their family and social conditions or an instrument for social representation. They learned from their parents or close friends that manage their problems in risky ways. In this issue, adolescence experiences was crucial. In university stage, coming far away from family was reduced Family control and accelerated smoking action. Living in dormitory in close to smoker persons, available a situation that students experienced normative pressure for smoking with their roommates. These all conditions are more crucial for first semester that students were far away family and experienced relative autonomy in social relations. Learning from new friends in dormitory and sense of freedom from family and community control move students to smoking as an instrument for adopting with new conditions. Some other Themes such as leisure time and sign for protest and grief was important. Participant lack of meaningful leisure time play important role in smoking. Some students used cigarette for decreasing negative emotions. If they attain to a meaningful leisure, they manage their time better. Finally research main categories interconnected with a paradigm model and relations discussed.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_21277_cb5a68bfc9576cfe142804b93331d4c1.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 5 4 2017 01 20 Oudlajan: Narrates the Death of a Neighborhood The Study of Semantic Implications of Spatial Changes in Oudlajan Neighborhood of Tehran Oudlajan: Narrates the Death of a Neighborhood The Study of Semantic Implications of Spatial Changes in Oudlajan Neighborhood of Tehran 99 121 21284 10.22108/ssoss.2017.21284 FA Nariman Mohammadi University of Isfahan, Iran 0000-0001-9189-5177 Tohid Alizadeh university of Mazandaran, Iran Ferdos Hatami Taher university of Mazandaran, Iran Journal Article 2017 03 01 Introduction: This paper studies the semantic implications of spatial changes in the Oudlajan's neighborhood of Tehran. Oudlajan is one of the oldest neighborhoods in Tehran which has experienced many changes with the invasion rule of Bazar's economic logic and from a cultural - Historical neighborhood has become marginalized economics’ space of the Bazar. The Spatial Changes also affected the semantic context of the Oudlajan's neighborhood. In this study the process of the death of Oudlajan's neighborhood and its changes have been investigated by Grounded Theory Method. Material & Methods: The research method is qualitative approach with an emphasis on Grounded Theory Method. The dominant methodological approach of grounded theory in this study is Glaser's approach (1978). Research data were collected using the Semi-structured interviews and field observations. To encompass the area under study and a deep understanding, field observation was conducted and all the conflict and interactive nodes in the Oudlajan's neighborhood been studied and observed in details. In the next step, to encompass more aspects of issue, two group interviews with residents of the Oudlajan's neighborhood have been done (A group interview with five residents and a group interview with six residents of the Oudlajan's neighborhood). Then, we implemented conducted group interviews and semi-structured individual interviews. During the interviews, observation of the field continued and did not stop until the end of our investigation. The duration of the field observation and interviews, was 5 months (from May 2015 to September 2015). The data analysis was conducted using a Glaser's coding three-step approach (1978). Coding is done line by line. The process of data analysis as follows: open coding (identifying categories, attributes and dimensions), selective coding (clustering around categories) and theoretical coding. Open coding is meant to search through the data line by line or paragraph by paragraph and assigning code to data and maintaining open of coding and observing the results of data. Accordingly, data are coding line by line; then in selective coding, open codes grouped into larger categories based on key categories that shape theory. In theoretical coding, these categories are linked to each other and the relationships between them investigated. This is a process of discovery and emergence of the theory that includes discovering concepts, linking concepts together and study modality of these connections. Substantive theory presented after coding of data and connecting the discovered categories with each other. Discussion of Results & Conclusions: Findings showed that six basic categories have formed the process of dying Oudlajan's neighborhood which is interconnected with each other. These categories include: destruction of living history, institutional conflicts, normalization of insecurity experience, masculinization of space, deterioration of neighborhood and death of neighborhood identity. In fact, Bazar's economic logic, along with institutional incoherence and institutional struggle for legitimacy to attend in Oudlajan neighborhood have been fundamental factors in changing space and accelerates its. The central category is “capitalization of the neighborhood acts”, which is along with economic logic, has strengthened the relationship between the above categories. In general the above categories in a complex process have lead to this problem that be endangered Oudlajan's neighborhood and its historical - cultural existence and confronted with the problem as “Oudlajan's death”. Introduction: This paper studies the semantic implications of spatial changes in the Oudlajan's neighborhood of Tehran. Oudlajan is one of the oldest neighborhoods in Tehran which has experienced many changes with the invasion rule of Bazar's economic logic and from a cultural - Historical neighborhood has become marginalized economics’ space of the Bazar. The Spatial Changes also affected the semantic context of the Oudlajan's neighborhood. In this study the process of the death of Oudlajan's neighborhood and its changes have been investigated by Grounded Theory Method. Material & Methods: The research method is qualitative approach with an emphasis on Grounded Theory Method. The dominant methodological approach of grounded theory in this study is Glaser's approach (1978). Research data were collected using the Semi-structured interviews and field observations. To encompass the area under study and a deep understanding, field observation was conducted and all the conflict and interactive nodes in the Oudlajan's neighborhood been studied and observed in details. In the next step, to encompass more aspects of issue, two group interviews with residents of the Oudlajan's neighborhood have been done (A group interview with five residents and a group interview with six residents of the Oudlajan's neighborhood). Then, we implemented conducted group interviews and semi-structured individual interviews. During the interviews, observation of the field continued and did not stop until the end of our investigation. The duration of the field observation and interviews, was 5 months (from May 2015 to September 2015). The data analysis was conducted using a Glaser's coding three-step approach (1978). Coding is done line by line. The process of data analysis as follows: open coding (identifying categories, attributes and dimensions), selective coding (clustering around categories) and theoretical coding. Open coding is meant to search through the data line by line or paragraph by paragraph and assigning code to data and maintaining open of coding and observing the results of data. Accordingly, data are coding line by line; then in selective coding, open codes grouped into larger categories based on key categories that shape theory. In theoretical coding, these categories are linked to each other and the relationships between them investigated. This is a process of discovery and emergence of the theory that includes discovering concepts, linking concepts together and study modality of these connections. Substantive theory presented after coding of data and connecting the discovered categories with each other. Discussion of Results & Conclusions: Findings showed that six basic categories have formed the process of dying Oudlajan's neighborhood which is interconnected with each other. These categories include: destruction of living history, institutional conflicts, normalization of insecurity experience, masculinization of space, deterioration of neighborhood and death of neighborhood identity. In fact, Bazar's economic logic, along with institutional incoherence and institutional struggle for legitimacy to attend in Oudlajan neighborhood have been fundamental factors in changing space and accelerates its. The central category is “capitalization of the neighborhood acts”, which is along with economic logic, has strengthened the relationship between the above categories. In general the above categories in a complex process have lead to this problem that be endangered Oudlajan's neighborhood and its historical - cultural existence and confronted with the problem as “Oudlajan's death”.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_21284_c2d26b72782387ddc81e0c791d3563ff.pdf