University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 9 3 2020 09 22 Discourse Analysis of the Development and its Relationship with the Rural Element in the Post-Revolutionary Governments of Iran (Fifth to Tenth Governments) Discourse Analysis of the Development and its Relationship with the Rural Element in the Post-Revolutionary Governments of Iran (Fifth to Tenth Governments) 1 30 25022 10.22108/srspi.2020.123484.1563 FA Mehdi Havazadeh PhD Candidate of Sociology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Reza Hemmati Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Ali Shakoori Associate Professor, Department of Community Planning, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Ehsan Aqababaee Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2020 06 16 Introduction In Iran, after the Islamic Revolution, the discourse of development was aligned with the discourse of the revolution. The promises of the revolution to eliminate deprivation and to pay attention to the oppressed had a special focus on the rural areas, and the schools of development emerged with the same promise. During this period, governments were primarily responsible for designing and implementing rural development programs. This article tries to analyze the discourse of each government and the relationship it has with the rural element. In this research, the theoretical perspective of the critical theory in general and revisionist approaches in development, especially the post-development theory, have been used. The purpose of this article is to describe the dominant discourses in the fifth to tenth governments and the position of the rural element in the territory of each discourse. The study also seeks to answer these questions: What are the differences and commonalities in the discourses of post-revolutionary governments? How is the construction of development in post-revolutionary governments in the field of rural development? What effect did the discourses of post-revolutionary governments have on the models chosen for rural development? Material and Methods Methodologically, this research is based on the principles of Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse theory and the operational stages of Post-foundational Discourse Analysis (PDA). According to this approach, in this study, the discourse of rural development has been theoretically conceptualized in three steps: (1) Co-construction (2) Reconstruction (3) Collocation. The president is intended to represent the discourse of that government. The texts used in this research are purposefully-selected lectures and interviews of three presidents. In the selection, texts have been considered that include three directions: 1) texts that show the main orientations and policies of each president, 2) texts that mention development and planning in general, and 3) texts in which rural development is specifically addressed. Three speeches were selected from each president, and after studying all the speeches and interviews of the presidents related to these three axes, a text was selected from each axis that is closest to the objectives of this research. Then, the results of the analysis in the texts of the first to fifth five-year development plans prepared by these governments have been validated and reviewed in the sections related to the rural area. Discussion of Results and Conclusions The results of this analysis show that no discourse has been able to absorb the rural element without any defects. In any discourse, the existence of the limiting and influential factors has seriously damaged the formation of a complete and strong relationship between the rural element and the central nodal point. In the analysis of the Hashemi government's discourse in the rural area, the central role of improving physical and external conditions can be recognized, and this shows that the rural area is within the discourse of the government. But this relationship cannot be considered complete without any flaws. In this area, the discourse has acted contrary to its principles. Perceptions of rural backwardness, land ownership, and the inability of private capitalism to play a role in this area are elements that have hampered the full and comprehensive formation of this inter-discourse relationship. Also, the need for infrastructure work and the existence of a strong institution such as Jihad-Sazandegi encourages the government to play a direct role in this area, a role that has been avoided in other areas. For this reason, the formed relationship can be considered as distorted and heterogeneous. The rural sphere in the discourse of Khatami's government is in the realm of discourse and cannot be assumed outside it. Still, at the same time, two categories of elements in this regard are effective within the discourse: elements that contribute to the discourse close to the rural sphere, and elements that weaken this relationship and remove it from the discourse. This causes the discourse not to be able to function effectively in this area in a coordinated manner with other areas. The rural area in the discourse of the Khatami government has not been able to meet the conditions for the adoption of discourse policies fully. It indicates the loss of opportunities in which the rural area could have benefited from macro-policies, but these communication problems have made this benefit incomplete. However, the rural area has a better and more effective relationship with the realm of discourse in the Khatami period than the Hashemi period. In the rural area, the discourse of Ahmadinejad's government is the most relevant to all the discourses of previous governments. The central nodal point of this discourse focuses directly on the rural area. Improving the distribution of wealth and facilities has directly made the rural area one of its main goals. In this way, the rural sphere is completely and perfectly in the realm of discourse, and the connection that the elements of discourse, especially its central nodal point, make with this sphere as a complete connection. Therefore, the Ahmadinejad government's discourse in attracting the rural sphere in its discourse is the most successful president among its predecessors, and there is a strong and two-way connection between the rural sphere and the central nodal point of the Ahmadinejad government's discourse. But one of the weaknesses of the discourse of Ahmadinejad's government is that it has not been able to consider both internal and external dimensions in the rural area. It can be said that problems arising from development programs do not necessarily mean that they are implemented incorrectly but can be due to the foundations of the development discourse itself. Accordingly, in the present study, the authors have considered the foundations that go beyond the method of implementation or apparent approaches. Due to these problems, the discourses cannot deal comprehensively with the issues of rural communities, and their effectiveness should be questioned. On the other hand, the results of this analysis show that the development discourse, especially in development planning, cannot be neutral. Due to its discursive nature, development cannot move towards the goals set in the programs without any interference. Goals that are themselves influenced by the development discourse. We are now faced with a phenomenon that is at the forefront of discourse at all stages, including understanding the world around us, evaluating current conditions, setting goals and patterns, and determining ways to achieve these goals. As a result, policymakers who determine the direction of development use it to dominate their discourse. Introduction In Iran, after the Islamic Revolution, the discourse of development was aligned with the discourse of the revolution. The promises of the revolution to eliminate deprivation and to pay attention to the oppressed had a special focus on the rural areas, and the schools of development emerged with the same promise. During this period, governments were primarily responsible for designing and implementing rural development programs. This article tries to analyze the discourse of each government and the relationship it has with the rural element. In this research, the theoretical perspective of the critical theory in general and revisionist approaches in development, especially the post-development theory, have been used. The purpose of this article is to describe the dominant discourses in the fifth to tenth governments and the position of the rural element in the territory of each discourse. The study also seeks to answer these questions: What are the differences and commonalities in the discourses of post-revolutionary governments? How is the construction of development in post-revolutionary governments in the field of rural development? What effect did the discourses of post-revolutionary governments have on the models chosen for rural development? Material and Methods Methodologically, this research is based on the principles of Laclau and Mouffe’s discourse theory and the operational stages of Post-foundational Discourse Analysis (PDA). According to this approach, in this study, the discourse of rural development has been theoretically conceptualized in three steps: (1) Co-construction (2) Reconstruction (3) Collocation. The president is intended to represent the discourse of that government. The texts used in this research are purposefully-selected lectures and interviews of three presidents. In the selection, texts have been considered that include three directions: 1) texts that show the main orientations and policies of each president, 2) texts that mention development and planning in general, and 3) texts in which rural development is specifically addressed. Three speeches were selected from each president, and after studying all the speeches and interviews of the presidents related to these three axes, a text was selected from each axis that is closest to the objectives of this research. Then, the results of the analysis in the texts of the first to fifth five-year development plans prepared by these governments have been validated and reviewed in the sections related to the rural area. Discussion of Results and Conclusions The results of this analysis show that no discourse has been able to absorb the rural element without any defects. In any discourse, the existence of the limiting and influential factors has seriously damaged the formation of a complete and strong relationship between the rural element and the central nodal point. In the analysis of the Hashemi government's discourse in the rural area, the central role of improving physical and external conditions can be recognized, and this shows that the rural area is within the discourse of the government. But this relationship cannot be considered complete without any flaws. In this area, the discourse has acted contrary to its principles. Perceptions of rural backwardness, land ownership, and the inability of private capitalism to play a role in this area are elements that have hampered the full and comprehensive formation of this inter-discourse relationship. Also, the need for infrastructure work and the existence of a strong institution such as Jihad-Sazandegi encourages the government to play a direct role in this area, a role that has been avoided in other areas. For this reason, the formed relationship can be considered as distorted and heterogeneous. The rural sphere in the discourse of Khatami's government is in the realm of discourse and cannot be assumed outside it. Still, at the same time, two categories of elements in this regard are effective within the discourse: elements that contribute to the discourse close to the rural sphere, and elements that weaken this relationship and remove it from the discourse. This causes the discourse not to be able to function effectively in this area in a coordinated manner with other areas. The rural area in the discourse of the Khatami government has not been able to meet the conditions for the adoption of discourse policies fully. It indicates the loss of opportunities in which the rural area could have benefited from macro-policies, but these communication problems have made this benefit incomplete. However, the rural area has a better and more effective relationship with the realm of discourse in the Khatami period than the Hashemi period. In the rural area, the discourse of Ahmadinejad's government is the most relevant to all the discourses of previous governments. The central nodal point of this discourse focuses directly on the rural area. Improving the distribution of wealth and facilities has directly made the rural area one of its main goals. In this way, the rural sphere is completely and perfectly in the realm of discourse, and the connection that the elements of discourse, especially its central nodal point, make with this sphere as a complete connection. Therefore, the Ahmadinejad government's discourse in attracting the rural sphere in its discourse is the most successful president among its predecessors, and there is a strong and two-way connection between the rural sphere and the central nodal point of the Ahmadinejad government's discourse. But one of the weaknesses of the discourse of Ahmadinejad's government is that it has not been able to consider both internal and external dimensions in the rural area. It can be said that problems arising from development programs do not necessarily mean that they are implemented incorrectly but can be due to the foundations of the development discourse itself. Accordingly, in the present study, the authors have considered the foundations that go beyond the method of implementation or apparent approaches. Due to these problems, the discourses cannot deal comprehensively with the issues of rural communities, and their effectiveness should be questioned. On the other hand, the results of this analysis show that the development discourse, especially in development planning, cannot be neutral. Due to its discursive nature, development cannot move towards the goals set in the programs without any interference. Goals that are themselves influenced by the development discourse. We are now faced with a phenomenon that is at the forefront of discourse at all stages, including understanding the world around us, evaluating current conditions, setting goals and patterns, and determining ways to achieve these goals. As a result, policymakers who determine the direction of development use it to dominate their discourse.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_25022_4f518552e70ec1140096ee6433c8850a.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 9 3 2020 09 22 Investigating the Inequality of Communication Structure in the Iranian Stock Market through Social Network Analysis Approach Investigating the Inequality of Communication Structure in the Iranian Stock Market through Social Network Analysis Approach 31 48 25020 10.22108/srspi.2020.117156.1409 FA Reza Taghizadeh Assistant Professor, Department of Accounting, Faculty of Economy, Management and Accounting, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Ali Ruhani Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Journal Article 2019 05 21 Introduction Stock markets are considered as complex types of multi-agent networks due to the interaction of different companies and investors. Studies dealing with financial data modeling have shown that network models of financial data refer to many features related to the stock market. The stock market is one of the main predisposing factors of wealth equality as far as everyone could almost invest in it; however, unfortunately, a vast majority of the stock market wealth is in hands of rich people leading to inequalities and concerns. According to Carlson (2018), companies mostly focus on shareholders rather than workers, and the main part of corporate profits is distributed among shareholders after paying the employees’ salary and benefits, taxes, etc. As a result, it can be concluded that the shareholders of a company earn more profit than the workers in a company. The present study, as an interdisciplinary study, sought to investigate inequality in the communication structure of the Iran stock market. Concerning the significance of inequality in power distribution in the stock market, this interdisciplinary research could reveal and highlight the hidden layers of communication power distribution in the Iran stock market. In this way, it is possible to inform the policymakers of the existing and real trend, hidden behind the scenes, and provide a desirable space for making changes. Materials and Methods This research was a quantitative network analysis study based on data collection and analysis. The main approach of this study was the use of graphic techniques based on Graph Theory (a branch of topology) that allowed investigating the relationship between actors (nodes) in a network, visually, algebraically, and logically, with the help of matrix algebra. This study was carried out at five levels of industries, companies, shareholders, board members or managing directors, and the auditing firms in the Iran stock market. The statistical population of this study included all industries, companies, shareholders, board members, managing directors, and auditing firms that were present at the stock market from 2011 to 2017, whose data were available, and no sampling needed to be done. The required data were collected mainly through data banks of the Tehran Stock Exchange Organization and Rahavard Software. Moreover, data analysis was done using the network analysis method and Excel (version 2016), PreMap (Version 1), and UCINET (Version 6). Discussion of Results and Conclusions The research findings showed that the stock market had skewness at the level of industries, companies, shareholders, auditing firms, board members, and managing directors and the communication power was not evenly distributed among them. Although there was a difference between how the units were related to each other, most of them were interrelated. However, some units were in a better position than others in establishing such a relationship. Some gaps were found among the position of units which made a huge difference and created a stratified structure (there were also some units in relation to the board members that acted as a bridge for other units making them connected to the main part of the communication network, and created some kind of bus morphology). A better position has made these units confront less intermediary to access other units that have quick access and gain higher capability in getting information through clusters of network members. Moreover, there were units in the communication path of other units with the result of gaining power to influence others. As far as these units were located in the path of information flow, they had access to information more easily and faster than others. This made it possible for them to make right decisions at certain moments and grow, or conversely misuse the position and create information rent for themselves and cause inequality and even bubble. Concerning the research findings, it could be argued that there was a governing inequality in all studied aspects of the Iran stock market which could lead to information and economic rent. Although the results of other studies in different countries have confirmed this finding, the situation seems to be more complicated in the Iran stock market. It is worth noting that such a complicated and unequal position in Iran could lead to an increasing gap between different classes and the growing inequality of ownership between upper and lower classes in society. Moreover, it could have many social consequences such as the growing feeling of relative deprivation, social distrust, lack of social participation, etc. However, concerning the findings and uncovering the hidden side of unequal reality in the distribution of communication power in the Iran stock market, social planners could take steps to make this market more equitable through changing political and governance strategies so that the disadvantaged minority could also benefit from material resources. Introduction Stock markets are considered as complex types of multi-agent networks due to the interaction of different companies and investors. Studies dealing with financial data modeling have shown that network models of financial data refer to many features related to the stock market. The stock market is one of the main predisposing factors of wealth equality as far as everyone could almost invest in it; however, unfortunately, a vast majority of the stock market wealth is in hands of rich people leading to inequalities and concerns. According to Carlson (2018), companies mostly focus on shareholders rather than workers, and the main part of corporate profits is distributed among shareholders after paying the employees’ salary and benefits, taxes, etc. As a result, it can be concluded that the shareholders of a company earn more profit than the workers in a company. The present study, as an interdisciplinary study, sought to investigate inequality in the communication structure of the Iran stock market. Concerning the significance of inequality in power distribution in the stock market, this interdisciplinary research could reveal and highlight the hidden layers of communication power distribution in the Iran stock market. In this way, it is possible to inform the policymakers of the existing and real trend, hidden behind the scenes, and provide a desirable space for making changes. Materials and Methods This research was a quantitative network analysis study based on data collection and analysis. The main approach of this study was the use of graphic techniques based on Graph Theory (a branch of topology) that allowed investigating the relationship between actors (nodes) in a network, visually, algebraically, and logically, with the help of matrix algebra. This study was carried out at five levels of industries, companies, shareholders, board members or managing directors, and the auditing firms in the Iran stock market. The statistical population of this study included all industries, companies, shareholders, board members, managing directors, and auditing firms that were present at the stock market from 2011 to 2017, whose data were available, and no sampling needed to be done. The required data were collected mainly through data banks of the Tehran Stock Exchange Organization and Rahavard Software. Moreover, data analysis was done using the network analysis method and Excel (version 2016), PreMap (Version 1), and UCINET (Version 6). Discussion of Results and Conclusions The research findings showed that the stock market had skewness at the level of industries, companies, shareholders, auditing firms, board members, and managing directors and the communication power was not evenly distributed among them. Although there was a difference between how the units were related to each other, most of them were interrelated. However, some units were in a better position than others in establishing such a relationship. Some gaps were found among the position of units which made a huge difference and created a stratified structure (there were also some units in relation to the board members that acted as a bridge for other units making them connected to the main part of the communication network, and created some kind of bus morphology). A better position has made these units confront less intermediary to access other units that have quick access and gain higher capability in getting information through clusters of network members. Moreover, there were units in the communication path of other units with the result of gaining power to influence others. As far as these units were located in the path of information flow, they had access to information more easily and faster than others. This made it possible for them to make right decisions at certain moments and grow, or conversely misuse the position and create information rent for themselves and cause inequality and even bubble. Concerning the research findings, it could be argued that there was a governing inequality in all studied aspects of the Iran stock market which could lead to information and economic rent. Although the results of other studies in different countries have confirmed this finding, the situation seems to be more complicated in the Iran stock market. It is worth noting that such a complicated and unequal position in Iran could lead to an increasing gap between different classes and the growing inequality of ownership between upper and lower classes in society. Moreover, it could have many social consequences such as the growing feeling of relative deprivation, social distrust, lack of social participation, etc. However, concerning the findings and uncovering the hidden side of unequal reality in the distribution of communication power in the Iran stock market, social planners could take steps to make this market more equitable through changing political and governance strategies so that the disadvantaged minority could also benefit from material resources.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_25020_0a788681ff7f6be9d8ab91fe88f1bc3e.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 9 3 2020 09 22 The Problematic of Social Hope in Iran: A Futuristic Approach The Problematic of Social Hope in Iran: A Futuristic Approach 49 80 25075 10.22108/srspi.2020.123439.1559 FA Mohsen Taheri Demneh Assistant Professor, Department of Industrial Engineering and Futures studies, Faculty of Engineering, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran. Masoumeh Kazemi Futures studies, Faculty of Management, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2020 06 10 Introduction One of the most important goals of future studies is to draw positive images of the future and motivate people in society to change to achieve those images. But these images do not form suddenly, several cultural, social, economic, political, and psychological factors are influential in their formation and as long as the people of the society do not hope for the realization of a better society in line with the images made, they will not take steps to draw and realize them. Positive and optimistic collective images are necessary but not enough to achieve a better situation in the future. We need something beyond merely positive images of the future to ensure movement and commitment to change the current situation for the better, and that is social hope. Social hope is one of the most important future-oriented emotions that should be studied because the health and dynamism of a society depend on the level of hope of most members of that society. At the social level, the more people hope for the transformation of the society, the greater their participation in building the future of that society will be. By this hope, all individual and collective capacities to change future growth and are used together to build a better society. In the meantime, hope has been less studied from a social perspective. Even globally, very few studies have addressed the issue of social hope, and most of the studies conducted are merely philosophical views of hope that have been published in the form of books. The anonymity of social hope as a subject of research on the one hand and the need to address it, especially in the turbulent years that Iranian society is going through, on the other hand, are the main ideas of the present study. This study is a scientific attempt to investigate the problematization of social hope among contemporary Iranian scholars. Also, the irreplaceable importance of hope in futures studies as an interdisciplinary shows the epistemological and methodological aspects of this research. Material and Methods The present article is a developmental study carried out in the qualitative research tradition framework using conventional content analysis. In this study, any text or article that directly or indirectly addressed the issue of social hope in Iran and was published as an article, lecture, memo, interview, or news, was collected. The collected texts, including the articles published on the websites, made up between 1200 and 1500 pages of text. These texts were carefully studied and all the sentences, paragraphs, or sections that created a common concept were put together and then conceptualized. In the next stage, the created concepts led to the formation of categories. When naming categories, the ones that are logically most relevant to the data were selected. Discussion of Results and Conclusions After analyzing the selected sources, 21 key contents were extracted. Finally, 5 main themes or topics were identified after analyzing, merging, and overlapping the original codes: social hope as a shared matter, demystifying of social hope, futures, agency, the duality of good and evil of government. Social hope is a construct, not a structure, that is, the policy of social hope must produce and reproduce hope as a social construct. The production of hope takes place in languages and discourse worlds. Hence, the idea of social hope must be introduced into the linguistic world of social discourse, politics, and systems of knowledge, especially the discourse of the social sciences. The creation of social hope by sharing individual hopes and creating positive images of the collective future is the most important social task of Futurists. Of course, the capacity of social institutions must also be used to create social hope. A hopeful society includes many institutions that can grow in free space and be a source of social hope by creating a space for dialogue and participation. Introduction One of the most important goals of future studies is to draw positive images of the future and motivate people in society to change to achieve those images. But these images do not form suddenly, several cultural, social, economic, political, and psychological factors are influential in their formation and as long as the people of the society do not hope for the realization of a better society in line with the images made, they will not take steps to draw and realize them. Positive and optimistic collective images are necessary but not enough to achieve a better situation in the future. We need something beyond merely positive images of the future to ensure movement and commitment to change the current situation for the better, and that is social hope. Social hope is one of the most important future-oriented emotions that should be studied because the health and dynamism of a society depend on the level of hope of most members of that society. At the social level, the more people hope for the transformation of the society, the greater their participation in building the future of that society will be. By this hope, all individual and collective capacities to change future growth and are used together to build a better society. In the meantime, hope has been less studied from a social perspective. Even globally, very few studies have addressed the issue of social hope, and most of the studies conducted are merely philosophical views of hope that have been published in the form of books. The anonymity of social hope as a subject of research on the one hand and the need to address it, especially in the turbulent years that Iranian society is going through, on the other hand, are the main ideas of the present study. This study is a scientific attempt to investigate the problematization of social hope among contemporary Iranian scholars. Also, the irreplaceable importance of hope in futures studies as an interdisciplinary shows the epistemological and methodological aspects of this research. Material and Methods The present article is a developmental study carried out in the qualitative research tradition framework using conventional content analysis. In this study, any text or article that directly or indirectly addressed the issue of social hope in Iran and was published as an article, lecture, memo, interview, or news, was collected. The collected texts, including the articles published on the websites, made up between 1200 and 1500 pages of text. These texts were carefully studied and all the sentences, paragraphs, or sections that created a common concept were put together and then conceptualized. In the next stage, the created concepts led to the formation of categories. When naming categories, the ones that are logically most relevant to the data were selected. Discussion of Results and Conclusions After analyzing the selected sources, 21 key contents were extracted. Finally, 5 main themes or topics were identified after analyzing, merging, and overlapping the original codes: social hope as a shared matter, demystifying of social hope, futures, agency, the duality of good and evil of government. Social hope is a construct, not a structure, that is, the policy of social hope must produce and reproduce hope as a social construct. The production of hope takes place in languages and discourse worlds. Hence, the idea of social hope must be introduced into the linguistic world of social discourse, politics, and systems of knowledge, especially the discourse of the social sciences. The creation of social hope by sharing individual hopes and creating positive images of the collective future is the most important social task of Futurists. Of course, the capacity of social institutions must also be used to create social hope. A hopeful society includes many institutions that can grow in free space and be a source of social hope by creating a space for dialogue and participation.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_25075_d966327b31d387659c1491d11aabbe3a.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 9 3 2020 09 22 Measuring the Risk Prone Degree of Urban Neighborhoods in Terms of Spaces Susceptible to Crime (Case Study: District 3 of Ardabil City) Measuring the Risk Prone Degree of Urban Neighborhoods in Terms of Spaces Susceptible to Crime (Case Study: District 3 of Ardabil City) 81 102 25251 10.22108/srspi.2020.122379.1525 FA Alireza Mohammadi Associate Professor, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, University Of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Hojjat Arganghi MSc, Department of Geography and Urban Planning, University Of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Reza Hashemi Masoomabad Ph.D. student of Geography and Urban Planning, University Of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Journal Article 2020 04 05 .‏ Introduction The increasing urban development in Iran has caused many social, economic, and environmental problems. Among the social issues in cities, especially metropolitan areas, is the spread of crime and the formation of insecure spaces in the city. When urban spaces create a sense of fear and insecurity in people, they become defenseless spaces. That is, spaces in which a person feels the presence may be attacked or something unpleasant happens to him. In other words, such spaces, for whatever reason, could induce fear in people. These spaces are the product of a complex interaction in which the lack of symbolic and real barriers, the absence of the definition of specific areas and monitoring facilities, including natural-social and physical supervision, have made the rate of crime and social harms significant. Therefore, the identification of such spaces is necessary to take preventive measures and reduce the occurrence of crimes. Materials and Methods The purpose of this study is to identify, analyze, and rank the risk of defenseless spaces in District 3 of Ardabil city. The present research is of applied-developmental type and its research method is descriptive-analytical based on graphic methods. In order to collect the required information, first, a library method was used. Also, the field harvesting method was used to identify defenseless spaces in District 3 of Ardabil city. To perform the analysis, criteria such as the frequency of defenseless spaces, population and building density, income groups, the quality of the road network, the physical quality of the texture, social characteristics, land and building prices, and land use were used. In the next step, data related to the main criteria of the research on surface complication (area zoning) were entered and the analysis was based on spatial statistics in GIS. Finally, after determining the effective parameters in the analysis of urban defense spaces in the form of pairwise comparison of the hierarchical analysis process, the weight of each research criterion was calculated according to the opinion of experts (30 experts including professors and experts in universities, research centers and offices such as Municipalities, law enforcement research offices, and experts in the field of urban planning). Then, after preparing the standard maps, creating a distance map from them, standardizing and reclassifying each of the maps, the layers were superimposed using the weight overlap index. Discussion of Results and Conclusions Based on the map prepared using the kernel method, neighborhoods No. 3, 4, 6, and 9 had the highest density of defenseless spaces and thus are in a state of danger and vulnerability in terms of the existence of defenseless spaces. These neighborhoods are most densely populated. Calculations made using the nearest neighborhood mean tool indicated that urban defenseless spaces were distributed, clustered, and unbalanced throughout the region. According to the above results, certain areas are the focus of defenseless spaces under study and follow the centralized pattern; in contrast, parts of the area surface are considered as clean areas in terms of the existence of such spaces. The result of implementing the AHP model in GIS showed that 45.35% of the neighborhoods are at high and very high risk in terms of the existence of defenseless spaces. These neighborhoods are among those with informal settlements and middle neighborhoods of the city whose condition of the road network and the quality of their texture are not suitable. They have a high population density and the land use in this area is not compatible. These areas have the potential to spread social harm and delinquency. Also, poor monitoring, visibility, solitude and darkness, confusion, and burnout are the most important elements of urban space defense. The present study can pave the way for other studies such as the study of crime in the city by types of crimes, the effect of environmental variables on crime, urban crimes based on type of urban context, and other related issues. Based on the findings, the following suggestions can be considered in managing and reducing the vulnerability of neighborhoods: 1) Preparing a comprehensive crime plan. This can help and guide the security forces. In this regard, GIS is very important. 2) Regenerating worn out urban texture that often forms criminal areas. 3) Determining the status of ruined buildings (cleaning or reconstruction) in the area, the number of which is not small. 4) Establishing or combining centers with long hours of work time (even 24 hours a day) 5) Locating and constructing law enforcement centers even in the form of smaller units in vulnerable areas. 6) Installing CCTV cameras in crowded spaces and announcing its existence along with controlng the space by using signs while observing aesthetic principles (with priority on installation in vulnerable areas). 7) Updating and accurately recording computer information about the place and time of crimes. .‏ Introduction The increasing urban development in Iran has caused many social, economic, and environmental problems. Among the social issues in cities, especially metropolitan areas, is the spread of crime and the formation of insecure spaces in the city. When urban spaces create a sense of fear and insecurity in people, they become defenseless spaces. That is, spaces in which a person feels the presence may be attacked or something unpleasant happens to him. In other words, such spaces, for whatever reason, could induce fear in people. These spaces are the product of a complex interaction in which the lack of symbolic and real barriers, the absence of the definition of specific areas and monitoring facilities, including natural-social and physical supervision, have made the rate of crime and social harms significant. Therefore, the identification of such spaces is necessary to take preventive measures and reduce the occurrence of crimes. Materials and Methods The purpose of this study is to identify, analyze, and rank the risk of defenseless spaces in District 3 of Ardabil city. The present research is of applied-developmental type and its research method is descriptive-analytical based on graphic methods. In order to collect the required information, first, a library method was used. Also, the field harvesting method was used to identify defenseless spaces in District 3 of Ardabil city. To perform the analysis, criteria such as the frequency of defenseless spaces, population and building density, income groups, the quality of the road network, the physical quality of the texture, social characteristics, land and building prices, and land use were used. In the next step, data related to the main criteria of the research on surface complication (area zoning) were entered and the analysis was based on spatial statistics in GIS. Finally, after determining the effective parameters in the analysis of urban defense spaces in the form of pairwise comparison of the hierarchical analysis process, the weight of each research criterion was calculated according to the opinion of experts (30 experts including professors and experts in universities, research centers and offices such as Municipalities, law enforcement research offices, and experts in the field of urban planning). Then, after preparing the standard maps, creating a distance map from them, standardizing and reclassifying each of the maps, the layers were superimposed using the weight overlap index. Discussion of Results and Conclusions Based on the map prepared using the kernel method, neighborhoods No. 3, 4, 6, and 9 had the highest density of defenseless spaces and thus are in a state of danger and vulnerability in terms of the existence of defenseless spaces. These neighborhoods are most densely populated. Calculations made using the nearest neighborhood mean tool indicated that urban defenseless spaces were distributed, clustered, and unbalanced throughout the region. According to the above results, certain areas are the focus of defenseless spaces under study and follow the centralized pattern; in contrast, parts of the area surface are considered as clean areas in terms of the existence of such spaces. The result of implementing the AHP model in GIS showed that 45.35% of the neighborhoods are at high and very high risk in terms of the existence of defenseless spaces. These neighborhoods are among those with informal settlements and middle neighborhoods of the city whose condition of the road network and the quality of their texture are not suitable. They have a high population density and the land use in this area is not compatible. These areas have the potential to spread social harm and delinquency. Also, poor monitoring, visibility, solitude and darkness, confusion, and burnout are the most important elements of urban space defense. The present study can pave the way for other studies such as the study of crime in the city by types of crimes, the effect of environmental variables on crime, urban crimes based on type of urban context, and other related issues. Based on the findings, the following suggestions can be considered in managing and reducing the vulnerability of neighborhoods: 1) Preparing a comprehensive crime plan. This can help and guide the security forces. In this regard, GIS is very important. 2) Regenerating worn out urban texture that often forms criminal areas. 3) Determining the status of ruined buildings (cleaning or reconstruction) in the area, the number of which is not small. 4) Establishing or combining centers with long hours of work time (even 24 hours a day) 5) Locating and constructing law enforcement centers even in the form of smaller units in vulnerable areas. 6) Installing CCTV cameras in crowded spaces and announcing its existence along with controlng the space by using signs while observing aesthetic principles (with priority on installation in vulnerable areas). 7) Updating and accurately recording computer information about the place and time of crimes.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_25251_537eeae8b3b7afcbe75966cc70e30508.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 9 3 2020 09 22 A Phenomenological Analysis of Weight Loss Experience among Women in Naghadeh City A Phenomenological Analysis of Weight Loss Experience among Women in Naghadeh City 103 128 25157 10.22108/srspi.2020.122370.1524 FA Masoomeh Ghasemi Instructor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, Payame Noor University, Iran Mohammad Abbaszadeh Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2020 04 04 Introduction Despite some differences among the cultures in looking at beauty in the past, the modern society has provided a unique beauty ideal for the body shape that is slim. In recent decades, the slimming phenomenon, as an ideal of beauty derived from the western culture, has changed the meaning and definition of the body among women in transitional societies. Slimming for a woman is considered as being, alive and a part of a woman's perception of her being. A few decades ago, pictures of women covered the magazines in various shapes and sizes, while in today's magazines and media, there are only pictures of tall and slender women )Dinc & Alisinanoglu, 2010(. The emphasis on slimming has been transferred from the media to the daily life of people and has become widespread among the public. It is called "the tyranny of slenderness" (Chernin, 1981, cited by Fitzsimmons-Craft, 2012: 43). In Iran, during the past decades, the ideal body has been a slim body (Safavi, 2009:129 cited by Khani Hanjani & Alvand, 2017: 20). Published reports from the study area (Naghadeh city in West Azerbaijan province) show the tendency of women to industrial drugs (Rah-e Dana Information Network, 2016) and using pills and capsules to lose their weight. The diverse range of slimming techniques, from invasive procedures such as surgery and medication to dieting, constitutes the daily experience of a large number of women in Iran. Slimming, as the main dimension of body management, along with its other aspects including the use of cosmetics and surgery, have been reviewed, while an independent and specific study has not focused on the meaning and the experience of women from losing weight. Materials and Methods In the present study, a qualitative method, with an emphasis on the phenomenological procedure was used to assess the slimming phenomenon as a state of being. The data were collected using the interview and observation techniques based on saturation criteria among 19-50-year-old women in Naghadeh. Van Manen’s method was used to analyze the data. In this study, a selective approach was used to extract the themes. Based on this approach, sentences with semantic meanings were identified. After transcribing the interviews, the thematic coding method was used to reach the categories and the open coding was used to expand the mentioned categories. After conducting 17 interviews, the data were saturated. The credibility of the research was ensured using the members’ and colleagues' reviews. In order to get the transformability of the data, a comprehensive description of the participants' conditions, including age, marital status, education, and employment were provided. Also, to get the dependability of the data, referential adequacy was used so that the direct quotes of the participants could be provided. Discussion of Results and Conclusions Analyzing the perception of women from weight loss as an ideal beauty showed 5 main themes including the distinction, physical program, the moral construction of the body, the rejection of the abnormal body, and the construction of visual identity. Also, after analyzing the reasons for women's tendency to lose weight, 3 themes were identified: male habitus dominance, pretense and consumption, and attractiveness as a means of participation in power. In general, slimming, in addition to being the ideal body shape and the final aim of colorful diets is also considered as a symbol of the degraded presence of women in the society since it indicates the dominance of the bodily definition of women in the society. The internalization of slimming by women also shows a strong perception of physicality among women. It shows that being a woman is perceived as a physical object. Thus, slimming is a phenomenon that reveals the ways and reasons of femininity as a physical object. The theme of ‘male habitus dominance’ in clarifying the reasons and ways of the dominance of this perception from a woman serves as a link between other themes. Under the influence of the male habitus dominance, men and women define and classify women with their bodies. Slimming, as a kind of norm and identity is internalized and the body becomes the center of investment and marking due to increasing normative pressures, abnormal body rejection, and media representations. For example, the procedures of distinction and luxurious presentation redefine themselves by disregarding the usual and common food at parties, strict and expensive selection of healthy food items, justifying the adherence to a health and fitness diet, and so on. The body is so important that the investments are formed according to age conditions and stimulates a sense of ontological security in the person. Medical pieces of advice also accompany the process by linking obesity to disease and weight loss to health. The moral perception of weight loss calls obesity a weakness in controlling the appetite and weight loss as self-improvement and success. Of course, by investing in the body through enduring slimming diets and constant exercise and excessive manipulation of their body, women benefit from the physical capital while they are being enslaved in their bodies. The complex system that defines women by their bodies, and forces women to follow the expectations of this system, gives them the opportunity provided through the ideal body. In this situation, it is suggested that to get out of this problem, through culturalization, control, and serious review of the socialization process in the younger generations, there should be effective changes in the norms and meanings that strengthen the body-centered view of women. Also, by promoting the status of women, removing the barriers to women's participation in the society, and allowing them to access the economic and social capital, we can alleviate women's extreme reliance on their physical capital. Introduction Despite some differences among the cultures in looking at beauty in the past, the modern society has provided a unique beauty ideal for the body shape that is slim. In recent decades, the slimming phenomenon, as an ideal of beauty derived from the western culture, has changed the meaning and definition of the body among women in transitional societies. Slimming for a woman is considered as being, alive and a part of a woman's perception of her being. A few decades ago, pictures of women covered the magazines in various shapes and sizes, while in today's magazines and media, there are only pictures of tall and slender women )Dinc & Alisinanoglu, 2010(. The emphasis on slimming has been transferred from the media to the daily life of people and has become widespread among the public. It is called "the tyranny of slenderness" (Chernin, 1981, cited by Fitzsimmons-Craft, 2012: 43). In Iran, during the past decades, the ideal body has been a slim body (Safavi, 2009:129 cited by Khani Hanjani & Alvand, 2017: 20). Published reports from the study area (Naghadeh city in West Azerbaijan province) show the tendency of women to industrial drugs (Rah-e Dana Information Network, 2016) and using pills and capsules to lose their weight. The diverse range of slimming techniques, from invasive procedures such as surgery and medication to dieting, constitutes the daily experience of a large number of women in Iran. Slimming, as the main dimension of body management, along with its other aspects including the use of cosmetics and surgery, have been reviewed, while an independent and specific study has not focused on the meaning and the experience of women from losing weight. Materials and Methods In the present study, a qualitative method, with an emphasis on the phenomenological procedure was used to assess the slimming phenomenon as a state of being. The data were collected using the interview and observation techniques based on saturation criteria among 19-50-year-old women in Naghadeh. Van Manen’s method was used to analyze the data. In this study, a selective approach was used to extract the themes. Based on this approach, sentences with semantic meanings were identified. After transcribing the interviews, the thematic coding method was used to reach the categories and the open coding was used to expand the mentioned categories. After conducting 17 interviews, the data were saturated. The credibility of the research was ensured using the members’ and colleagues' reviews. In order to get the transformability of the data, a comprehensive description of the participants' conditions, including age, marital status, education, and employment were provided. Also, to get the dependability of the data, referential adequacy was used so that the direct quotes of the participants could be provided. Discussion of Results and Conclusions Analyzing the perception of women from weight loss as an ideal beauty showed 5 main themes including the distinction, physical program, the moral construction of the body, the rejection of the abnormal body, and the construction of visual identity. Also, after analyzing the reasons for women's tendency to lose weight, 3 themes were identified: male habitus dominance, pretense and consumption, and attractiveness as a means of participation in power. In general, slimming, in addition to being the ideal body shape and the final aim of colorful diets is also considered as a symbol of the degraded presence of women in the society since it indicates the dominance of the bodily definition of women in the society. The internalization of slimming by women also shows a strong perception of physicality among women. It shows that being a woman is perceived as a physical object. Thus, slimming is a phenomenon that reveals the ways and reasons of femininity as a physical object. The theme of ‘male habitus dominance’ in clarifying the reasons and ways of the dominance of this perception from a woman serves as a link between other themes. Under the influence of the male habitus dominance, men and women define and classify women with their bodies. Slimming, as a kind of norm and identity is internalized and the body becomes the center of investment and marking due to increasing normative pressures, abnormal body rejection, and media representations. For example, the procedures of distinction and luxurious presentation redefine themselves by disregarding the usual and common food at parties, strict and expensive selection of healthy food items, justifying the adherence to a health and fitness diet, and so on. The body is so important that the investments are formed according to age conditions and stimulates a sense of ontological security in the person. Medical pieces of advice also accompany the process by linking obesity to disease and weight loss to health. The moral perception of weight loss calls obesity a weakness in controlling the appetite and weight loss as self-improvement and success. Of course, by investing in the body through enduring slimming diets and constant exercise and excessive manipulation of their body, women benefit from the physical capital while they are being enslaved in their bodies. The complex system that defines women by their bodies, and forces women to follow the expectations of this system, gives them the opportunity provided through the ideal body. In this situation, it is suggested that to get out of this problem, through culturalization, control, and serious review of the socialization process in the younger generations, there should be effective changes in the norms and meanings that strengthen the body-centered view of women. Also, by promoting the status of women, removing the barriers to women's participation in the society, and allowing them to access the economic and social capital, we can alleviate women's extreme reliance on their physical capital.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_25157_47db1e13d146c3fe5d642a80262eb5dc.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 9 3 2020 09 22 Comparing the Level of Youths’ Dissatisfaction with Their Parents and Its Role in Predicting the Tendency for Social Deviations (Running Away from Home, Sexual Deviation, and Drug Addiction) Comparing the Level of Youths’ Dissatisfaction with Their Parents and Its Role in Predicting the Tendency for Social Deviations (Running Away from Home, Sexual Deviation, and Drug Addiction) 129 160 25155 10.22108/srspi.2020.122420.1529 FA Seyed Mehdi Motevaliyan Assistant Professor, Department of Women’s Education and Employment Center, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences, University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran Farimah Dokoushkani Assistant Professor, Department of Family Behavior, Environmental and Human Studies Research Group, Tehran, Iran Soleiman Yahyazadeh Jelodar Assistant Professor, Department of Women’s Education and Employment Center, Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences University of Mazandaran, Babolsar, Iran Journal Article 2020 04 12 Introduction Social deviation (i.e., running away from home, sexual deviation, and drug addiction) is a phenomenon that has always existed to a greater or lesser extent in all societies. Although the rate of social deviation cannot be reduced to zero, the aim is trying to decrease it. In a general definition, it can be said that deviation is an action or behavior that violates formal and informal norms (Macionis & Gerber, 2010). However, to some extent, the deviation, which is called natural deviation, has been acceptable in all societies (Sotoudeh, 2014: 38), but if the deviation exceeds a certain level, the society becomes sensitive to it and prevents it using different levers. Thus, social deviation refers to the behaviors that cannot be ignored by the society. The Judiciary Commission of the Iranian Parliament (Majlis) has declared that judicial cases in the country are twice as the international standard (Tabatabai Naeini, 2016). According to another report, Iran, with a population of 80 million, has 15 million lawsuits and 2000 criminal titles (Shaykh al-Islami, 2014:1) and the vast majority of such cases are related to social deviations that are more common among young adults (Saedi, Hashemi & Abedi, 2013; Fatemi et al., 2015). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the degree of such deviations, examine the level of dissatisfaction among youngsters with their parents, compare their dissatisfaction with their fathers and mothers and finally predict the possible effects of parents’ dissatisfaction with the three kinds of deviation. On the other hand, considering the important role of prevention in this regard, this study aims at comparing the level of youths’ dissatisfaction with their parents (fathers and mothers separately) and considering its predictive role in their tendencies to the deviations of running away from home, sexual deviation, and drug addiction following the attachment theory (Bowlby, 1988). Materials and Methods: The present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. In addition, the type of research was quantitative and its method was cross-sectional survey. The statistical population of the present correlational study comprised 8633 undergraduate students of Mazandaran University (Mazandaran University, 2019) of which 384 were selected as the sample (Krejcie & Morgan, 1970). The questionnaires included: 1) the scale of the tendency to deviation (Rajabi, 2015) and 2) the scale of offspring’s attitudes toward parents (Walter & Hudson, 1992; Translated by Sajjadi et al., 2015). They were distributed among 400 students using the cluster sampling technique and 395 (17.5 % boy, 80.5 % girl) of them were used in data analysis. Discussion of Results and Conclusions: The results showed that the respondents were more dissatisfied with their fathers. In addition, 11.1% of them agreed that running away from home was a way to become independent so 29.9 % gave the young people the right to be sexually perverted; 19 % agreed that drugs could be used as painkillers to overcome physical ailments. A significant difference between girls’ and boys’ tendency to run away from home, sexual deviation, and drug addiction was found while boys reported a higher tendency to these three deviances. These results can be explained through the politics of patriarchy in Iran (Eisamorad, 2016; Golzari, 2006). In this society, boys are allowed to have more freedom and are less controlled than girls. The results also showed a significant relationship between dissatisfaction with the father or mother and the tendency to run away from home, sexual deviation, and addiction among the respondents. The results were found to be consistent with previous findings (Asadi, et al. 2019; Hoseinkhanzadeh, et al. 2014; Pourrajabali & Qanbari, 2019). According to the attachment theory, children who were less satisfied with their parents had a higher tendency toward social deviations. The results of linear regression showed that dissatisfaction with the mother was a stronger predictor of running away from home, sexual deviation, and addiction compared with dissatisfaction with the father. The results were also consistent with previous studies (Makvandi, Soleimani, & Liami, 1999). A study by Mirakhorli (2017) showed that mothers had more important roles than fathers to save their children from any type of deviance behaviors. Indeed, regarding the attachment theory, mothers had a deep relationship with their children since the pregnancy duration; however, fathers did not have. That could be why mothers have greater influences on their children’s behaviors (Bowlby, 1988). Introduction Social deviation (i.e., running away from home, sexual deviation, and drug addiction) is a phenomenon that has always existed to a greater or lesser extent in all societies. Although the rate of social deviation cannot be reduced to zero, the aim is trying to decrease it. In a general definition, it can be said that deviation is an action or behavior that violates formal and informal norms (Macionis & Gerber, 2010). However, to some extent, the deviation, which is called natural deviation, has been acceptable in all societies (Sotoudeh, 2014: 38), but if the deviation exceeds a certain level, the society becomes sensitive to it and prevents it using different levers. Thus, social deviation refers to the behaviors that cannot be ignored by the society. The Judiciary Commission of the Iranian Parliament (Majlis) has declared that judicial cases in the country are twice as the international standard (Tabatabai Naeini, 2016). According to another report, Iran, with a population of 80 million, has 15 million lawsuits and 2000 criminal titles (Shaykh al-Islami, 2014:1) and the vast majority of such cases are related to social deviations that are more common among young adults (Saedi, Hashemi & Abedi, 2013; Fatemi et al., 2015). The purpose of the present study was to investigate the degree of such deviations, examine the level of dissatisfaction among youngsters with their parents, compare their dissatisfaction with their fathers and mothers and finally predict the possible effects of parents’ dissatisfaction with the three kinds of deviation. On the other hand, considering the important role of prevention in this regard, this study aims at comparing the level of youths’ dissatisfaction with their parents (fathers and mothers separately) and considering its predictive role in their tendencies to the deviations of running away from home, sexual deviation, and drug addiction following the attachment theory (Bowlby, 1988). Materials and Methods: The present study was applied in terms of purpose and descriptive-analytical in nature. In addition, the type of research was quantitative and its method was cross-sectional survey. The statistical population of the present correlational study comprised 8633 undergraduate students of Mazandaran University (Mazandaran University, 2019) of which 384 were selected as the sample (Krejcie & Morgan, 1970). The questionnaires included: 1) the scale of the tendency to deviation (Rajabi, 2015) and 2) the scale of offspring’s attitudes toward parents (Walter & Hudson, 1992; Translated by Sajjadi et al., 2015). They were distributed among 400 students using the cluster sampling technique and 395 (17.5 % boy, 80.5 % girl) of them were used in data analysis. Discussion of Results and Conclusions: The results showed that the respondents were more dissatisfied with their fathers. In addition, 11.1% of them agreed that running away from home was a way to become independent so 29.9 % gave the young people the right to be sexually perverted; 19 % agreed that drugs could be used as painkillers to overcome physical ailments. A significant difference between girls’ and boys’ tendency to run away from home, sexual deviation, and drug addiction was found while boys reported a higher tendency to these three deviances. These results can be explained through the politics of patriarchy in Iran (Eisamorad, 2016; Golzari, 2006). In this society, boys are allowed to have more freedom and are less controlled than girls. The results also showed a significant relationship between dissatisfaction with the father or mother and the tendency to run away from home, sexual deviation, and addiction among the respondents. The results were found to be consistent with previous findings (Asadi, et al. 2019; Hoseinkhanzadeh, et al. 2014; Pourrajabali & Qanbari, 2019). According to the attachment theory, children who were less satisfied with their parents had a higher tendency toward social deviations. The results of linear regression showed that dissatisfaction with the mother was a stronger predictor of running away from home, sexual deviation, and addiction compared with dissatisfaction with the father. The results were also consistent with previous studies (Makvandi, Soleimani, & Liami, 1999). A study by Mirakhorli (2017) showed that mothers had more important roles than fathers to save their children from any type of deviance behaviors. Indeed, regarding the attachment theory, mothers had a deep relationship with their children since the pregnancy duration; however, fathers did not have. That could be why mothers have greater influences on their children’s behaviors (Bowlby, 1988).

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_25155_ed292cb34a1c93d1d92634759514698a.pdf