University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 10 4 2021 12 22 Mechanisms of Recalling or Forgetting Death: A Qualitative Study Mechanisms of Recalling or Forgetting Death: A Qualitative Study 1 20 26316 10.22108/srspi.2022.132600.1777 FA Abdolhossein Kalantari Associate Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran,Iran Zahra Shahrzad PhD Candidate, Faculty of Social Sciences and Economics, Alzahra University, Tehran, Iran Hamid Parsania Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2022 02 05 Introduction: As a long-standing mystery for humans, death has been always considered by various scholars and schools. Sociologists, for their part, have explored death and its aftermath from a variety of perspectives. Still, the sociology of death is full of unexplored theoretical realms, the exploration of which will undoubtedly give researchers significant insights into society. The issue of death is not due to the eternal question of immortality alone. It is, in fact, one of the essential points of civilization struggles, in which the power of any civilization to give meaning to social life is challenged. The way a society deals with the concept of death and dying gives an index that can measure the degree of any semantic systems since facing death can destroy everyday life's normative and cognitive practices and distort the socially constructed images of reality. There has been a constant conflict between the two major narratives of Islamic tradition and modernity on the issue of death. On the one hand, life has a broad meaning and death is an inevitable transition to the next stage. In the discourse of modernity, the meaning given to social life is associated with neglecting death and institutionalizing this negligence in social structures. Modernity is thus confused when facing the events that inevitably take death out of the state of structural secrecy and expose it as an inescapable truth. Materials and Methods: This article sought to answer what mechanisms people use intentionally or unintentionally in their lived experiences to recall or neglect death. For this purpose, a qualitative phenomenological study was designed and conducted. A purposive sample of 23 people, who had significant lived experiences in facing death, was drawn. Then, phenomenological interviews were done with them. A voluntary assistant in a cancer treatment center was one of them and a voluntary doctor in war was another. A veteran wartime commander was also another interviewee. The four interviewees had done extensive religious and philosophical studies with published papers and books on death and dying. There was also a documentary film director, who had worked in the field of death experiences of other people. An old university professor, who was a Darwinist and a participant of monastic circles associated with death and ghosts, as well as a man with a long experience of loneliness were among the interviewees. Four others had a high-risk job or situation, i.e., working in a mine neutralization company and being already severely hurt, being threatened to death by terrorist groups, narrowly escaping previous assassinations, and struggling with cancer. Seven people had experienced the sudden loss of either their parents, children, or friends in earthquakes, accidents, or suicides, which had then inspired them to think about death. The researcher was also given a chance to interview with a lady whose spouse was a nuclear scientist assassinated by Israeli terror squads. The interview scripts were analyzed via thematic analysis. Discussion of results and conclusion: The results were expressed in two categories: death recall mechanisms and death neglect mechanisms. Eight main themes formed the subcategories of the former, which were witnessing the death of others, mental mutation evocative of death, near-death experiences, social structures reminiscent of death, remembrance of death in interpersonal relationships, cultural consumption reminiscent of death, religious ceremonies reminiscent of death, and cautious recalling of death to escape any disliked circumstances. The latter, i.e., death neglect mechanisms, contained 4 main themes of death neglect: death neglection stemming from everyday life, dysfunctional attitudes toward death, avoidance of death ceremonies, and avoidance of death reminder conversations. Finally, using the findings on the Corona pandemic, some considerations were made for the growth of death consciousness in the Iranian society. Introduction: As a long-standing mystery for humans, death has been always considered by various scholars and schools. Sociologists, for their part, have explored death and its aftermath from a variety of perspectives. Still, the sociology of death is full of unexplored theoretical realms, the exploration of which will undoubtedly give researchers significant insights into society. The issue of death is not due to the eternal question of immortality alone. It is, in fact, one of the essential points of civilization struggles, in which the power of any civilization to give meaning to social life is challenged. The way a society deals with the concept of death and dying gives an index that can measure the degree of any semantic systems since facing death can destroy everyday life's normative and cognitive practices and distort the socially constructed images of reality. There has been a constant conflict between the two major narratives of Islamic tradition and modernity on the issue of death. On the one hand, life has a broad meaning and death is an inevitable transition to the next stage. In the discourse of modernity, the meaning given to social life is associated with neglecting death and institutionalizing this negligence in social structures. Modernity is thus confused when facing the events that inevitably take death out of the state of structural secrecy and expose it as an inescapable truth. Materials and Methods: This article sought to answer what mechanisms people use intentionally or unintentionally in their lived experiences to recall or neglect death. For this purpose, a qualitative phenomenological study was designed and conducted. A purposive sample of 23 people, who had significant lived experiences in facing death, was drawn. Then, phenomenological interviews were done with them. A voluntary assistant in a cancer treatment center was one of them and a voluntary doctor in war was another. A veteran wartime commander was also another interviewee. The four interviewees had done extensive religious and philosophical studies with published papers and books on death and dying. There was also a documentary film director, who had worked in the field of death experiences of other people. An old university professor, who was a Darwinist and a participant of monastic circles associated with death and ghosts, as well as a man with a long experience of loneliness were among the interviewees. Four others had a high-risk job or situation, i.e., working in a mine neutralization company and being already severely hurt, being threatened to death by terrorist groups, narrowly escaping previous assassinations, and struggling with cancer. Seven people had experienced the sudden loss of either their parents, children, or friends in earthquakes, accidents, or suicides, which had then inspired them to think about death. The researcher was also given a chance to interview with a lady whose spouse was a nuclear scientist assassinated by Israeli terror squads. The interview scripts were analyzed via thematic analysis. Discussion of results and conclusion: The results were expressed in two categories: death recall mechanisms and death neglect mechanisms. Eight main themes formed the subcategories of the former, which were witnessing the death of others, mental mutation evocative of death, near-death experiences, social structures reminiscent of death, remembrance of death in interpersonal relationships, cultural consumption reminiscent of death, religious ceremonies reminiscent of death, and cautious recalling of death to escape any disliked circumstances. The latter, i.e., death neglect mechanisms, contained 4 main themes of death neglect: death neglection stemming from everyday life, dysfunctional attitudes toward death, avoidance of death ceremonies, and avoidance of death reminder conversations. Finally, using the findings on the Corona pandemic, some considerations were made for the growth of death consciousness in the Iranian society.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_26316_4f6473a624b79f358dbc426db0ce1fe2.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 10 4 2021 12 22 Roles of Organizational Commitment, Green Shared Vision, and Internal Environmental Locus of Control: A Case Study of the Employees Working in the Bus Company in Isfahan Roles of Organizational Commitment, Green Shared Vision, and Internal Environmental Locus of Control: A Case Study of the Employees Working in the Bus Company in Isfahan 21 42 26256 10.22108/srspi.2022.131336.1747 FA Ali Shojaeifard Assistant professor, Department of Management, Faculty of Management, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran Marziyeh Dehghanizadeh Assistant professor, Department of Public Administration, Faculty of Management, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran Gholamreza Lary MA. student of Public Administration, Department of Management, Faculty of Management, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2021 11 04 Introduction Environmental challenges put significant pressure on organizations to behave more environmentally sustainable. Many organizations have begun to adopt green policies and practices to increase economic benefits and have better environmental performance (Ardito and Dangelico, 2018). However, the environmental performance of organizations not only depends on strict rules and regulations but also requires employees’ positive response to environmental concerns based on pro-environmental behavior (Kim et al., 2017). The success of a company's environmental management depends on its employees’ pro-environmental behaviors, which can improve its overall environmental performance (Afaer et al., 2018; Lu et al., 2017). Employees’ voluntary actions contribute to the environmental sustainability of the organization but are not controlled by any formal environmental management policies or systems (Kim et al., 2017). Pro-environmental behaviors include recycling and reusing, finding sustainable ways of working, developing and applying ideas to reduce the negative environmental impacts of the company, developing green processes and products, and questioning harmful actions (Graves et al., 2013). Leader behavior is one of the variables that can affect an employee’s pro-environmental behavior. One of the leadership styles is responsible leadership and the leader as an example can affect employee’s commitment and pro-environmental behavior. Therefore, the main question of the present study was whether responsible leadership is effective on employees’ pro-environmental behavior. To arrive at a proper answer, the roles of organizational commitment, green shared vision, and internal environmental locus of control of the employees working in the Bus Company in Isfahan were investigated. Materials and Methods The present study was applied research in terms of purpose and a descriptive survey in terms of method. The statistical population of the current research included 317 employees, managers, and supervisors working in the Bus Company in Isfahan. The statistical sample was determined randomly by using Cochran's formula with 5% error and a sample size of 174 people was finally chosen. The variables of responsible leadership, organizational commitment, green shared vision, internal environmental locus of control, and employee’s pro-environmental behavior were measured by using the questionnaires designed by Voegtlin (2011), Mowday et al. (1979), Chen et al. (2015), Cleveland et al. (2012), and Robertson and Barling (2017) with 5, 15, 4, 10, and 12 items based on Likert scale, respectively. The content validity, divergent and convergent validities, composite reliability, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire of this study were appropriate. Discussion of Results and Conclusions The results analyzed by using structural equation modeling showed that responsible leadership had a positive and significant effect on the employees' pro-environmental behaviors, organizational commitments, and green shared visions; green shared vision had a positive and significant effect on their pro-environmental behaviors; and responsible leadership through green shared vision could affect the employees' pro-environmental behaviors. The results also revealed that responsible leadership did not have a significant effect on pro-environmental behavior mediated by organizational commitment. In addition, the moderating role of the internal environmental control of the employees in the relationships of organizational commitment and green shared vision with pro-environmental behavior was not confirmed. Therefore, responsible managers should pay attention to creating pro-environmental behavior in the employees of the Bus Company in Isfahan, as well as in their visions and strategies by creating a green shared vision, and consider programs that lead to less lost energy in the field of transportation and less damage to the environment. Introduction Environmental challenges put significant pressure on organizations to behave more environmentally sustainable. Many organizations have begun to adopt green policies and practices to increase economic benefits and have better environmental performance (Ardito and Dangelico, 2018). However, the environmental performance of organizations not only depends on strict rules and regulations but also requires employees’ positive response to environmental concerns based on pro-environmental behavior (Kim et al., 2017). The success of a company's environmental management depends on its employees’ pro-environmental behaviors, which can improve its overall environmental performance (Afaer et al., 2018; Lu et al., 2017). Employees’ voluntary actions contribute to the environmental sustainability of the organization but are not controlled by any formal environmental management policies or systems (Kim et al., 2017). Pro-environmental behaviors include recycling and reusing, finding sustainable ways of working, developing and applying ideas to reduce the negative environmental impacts of the company, developing green processes and products, and questioning harmful actions (Graves et al., 2013). Leader behavior is one of the variables that can affect an employee’s pro-environmental behavior. One of the leadership styles is responsible leadership and the leader as an example can affect employee’s commitment and pro-environmental behavior. Therefore, the main question of the present study was whether responsible leadership is effective on employees’ pro-environmental behavior. To arrive at a proper answer, the roles of organizational commitment, green shared vision, and internal environmental locus of control of the employees working in the Bus Company in Isfahan were investigated. Materials and Methods The present study was applied research in terms of purpose and a descriptive survey in terms of method. The statistical population of the current research included 317 employees, managers, and supervisors working in the Bus Company in Isfahan. The statistical sample was determined randomly by using Cochran's formula with 5% error and a sample size of 174 people was finally chosen. The variables of responsible leadership, organizational commitment, green shared vision, internal environmental locus of control, and employee’s pro-environmental behavior were measured by using the questionnaires designed by Voegtlin (2011), Mowday et al. (1979), Chen et al. (2015), Cleveland et al. (2012), and Robertson and Barling (2017) with 5, 15, 4, 10, and 12 items based on Likert scale, respectively. The content validity, divergent and convergent validities, composite reliability, and Cronbach's alpha coefficient of the questionnaire of this study were appropriate. Discussion of Results and Conclusions The results analyzed by using structural equation modeling showed that responsible leadership had a positive and significant effect on the employees' pro-environmental behaviors, organizational commitments, and green shared visions; green shared vision had a positive and significant effect on their pro-environmental behaviors; and responsible leadership through green shared vision could affect the employees' pro-environmental behaviors. The results also revealed that responsible leadership did not have a significant effect on pro-environmental behavior mediated by organizational commitment. In addition, the moderating role of the internal environmental control of the employees in the relationships of organizational commitment and green shared vision with pro-environmental behavior was not confirmed. Therefore, responsible managers should pay attention to creating pro-environmental behavior in the employees of the Bus Company in Isfahan, as well as in their visions and strategies by creating a green shared vision, and consider programs that lead to less lost energy in the field of transportation and less damage to the environment.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_26256_f89af41c9a8553538a7f8238397132ac.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 10 4 2021 12 22 Dysfunctionality Caused by Role Strain: An Analysis of Parenting Men's Communication Challenges with Adopted Children Dysfunctionality Caused by Role Strain: An Analysis of Parenting Men's Communication Challenges with Adopted Children 43 68 26452 10.22108/srspi.2022.132467.1772 FA Maryam Kazemi Sahlavani M.A in Demography, Faculty of Social sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Maliheh Alimondegari Associate Professor of Demography, Faculty of Social sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Ali Ruhani Associate Professor of Sociology, Faculty of Social sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Journal Article 2022 01 28 Introduction Family is the most important social institution in a society and marriage is a prerequisite for starting a family. However, sometimes, various factors cause breakup of the first marriage and happens again after the marriage. A review of the divorce situation in Iran shows that with the increase in population from 56 million people in 1991 to 83 million people in 2020, the number of divorces has increased from 40000 divorces in 1991 to 183000 divorces in 2020 (Yearbook of Demographic Statistics of Iran, 2020). Contrary to popular belief, people with a divorce experience are less likely to remarry and start a new marriage in an attempt to escape the same situation (Gold; 2016). Many men and women have been found to experience a divorce again after the first divorce. This is more common among men (Schweizer, 2020; Reynolds, 2020). Following the increase in divorce rates and the desire of people with a divorce experience to remarry, the number of families resulting in remarriage also increases. These families are called "stepfamilies". The demographic data that have measured the prevalence of stepfamilies in 21st century societies have shown that the majority (%86) of stepfamilies have a stepfather (Gold, 2020:146). A distinctive feature of the stepfamily is that it is a family, in which at least one child is not biologically related to both parents. It is probably true that the only observable factor that mostly distinguishes remarriage from the first marriage is the presence of children in the previous marriage. A stepfamily is unique and different from the core family. Determining how this stepfamily works, who the important adults are, and who influences the decisions in the stepfamily is a challenge (Cann-Milland, Mornane, Southcott, 2021: 13). Stepfathers are often reluctant to be disciplined because there is no clear authority given to the natural parents. If the stepfather is really disciplined, such a move may not be to the child's liking, nor can it be acceptable to the spouse. This problem of discipline seems to more commonly involve stepfathers than stepmothers since children usually stay with their mothers after divorce. It is the stepfather, who most often enters a single-parent family unit and actually experiences a daily interaction with his or her stepchildren (Goetting, 1982: 213). The share of foreign research in the field of remarriage associated with stepfamilies and stepfathers is higher than ours. Therefore, there is a need to study this phenomenon based on the social and cultural contexts of our society with regard to the fact that family in our society is one of the most fundamental institutions and the most important semantic systems of identity. Due to the research gap in the field of step-families and step-parents, the present study sought to analyze men’s experiences as step-parents and their communication challenges with their step-children, besides trying to answer the following questions: What issues and challenges does a stepfather face within the stepfamily? What are the interactions of the stepfather with the stepchild? What are the couple interactions like in this type of family? What are the socio-cultural challenges of this type of family? Materials & Methods Since the purpose of this research was to investigate the progress of men as stepfathers in remarriage in relation to their stepchildren, the best strategy to study this process was the grounded theory strategy with Strauss and Corbin’s systematic approach. The research participants were purposefully selected. The inclusion criteria were as follows: The participants had to be men and have an experience of remarriage after divorce. The new spouse had to have at least one child from the previous marriage with at least two years of remarriage. Also, theoretical sampling was applied. Sampling was continued until achieving the theoretical saturation so as to obtain accurate data and clearly clarify the dimensions of the study. To this goal, 15 men with an experience of remarriage and family life were interviewed in the presence of a stepchild in Isfahan with varied time periods of the interviews (minimum and maximum times of 4 and 8 hours, respectively. The data obtained from the interviews were then transcribed and analyzed via open, axial, and selective coding methods in a systematic chain-based and timed process. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The results showed that the dysfunctionality caused by role strain as a core category made the stepfamily's function problematic. The participating men experienced a heavy role strain due to a range of individual circumstances, de-functionalization contexts within the family, and normative socio-cultural processes that challenged their satisfaction with living in such families. They wanted to establish the traditional structure and order of their families, as well as stability of masculinity concepts, but different conditions, such as superiority of child over wife, parental powerlessness, etc., had destabilized the male sphere in the family and intensified their dissatisfaction. After experiencing role stress and the resulting dissatisfaction, they had chosen different strategies, including preventive and maladaptive strategies. The preventive strategy had a constructive consequence and strengthened family privacy, but this incompatible strategy could lead to re-divorce. It could be said that the underlying factors of role pressure and the adopted strategies overshadowed the family performance of step-families. Although the researchers tried to provide new statistics on remarriage, they were unable to do so due to lack of cooperation between the relevant organizations. We also encountered problems during sampling. None of the counseling centers and psychological clinics, as well as the marriage and divorce registry offices, agreed to cooperate. In addition, due to the sensitivities related to the stepfamilies, the individuals refused to introduce the related specimens, which led to time-consuming persuasion. It is suggested that the mass media, improve the relationship between stepchildren and stepfamilies by observing the principle of impartiality and avoiding value judgments and raise public awareness as well as remarriage by reviewing the media content and step-by-step plans for stepfamilies and stepfathers. It is also suggested to increase social research of men with an experience of divorce, remarriage, and step-family. Moreover, some research should be done in the field of psychology and social work in order to identify the adapting and coping approaches, find solutions to reduce role pressure, and increase the skills of people involved in managing stressors. The research on males in this field should be increased. It is necessary to hold workshops to enhance the awareness of people, who want to remarry, so as to get acquainted with the challenges of this marriage and the ways of facing these challenges. Stepfamilies need to refrain from adopting previous family styles and help strengthen the privacy and foundation of their families by reorganizing roles and responsibilities. Introduction Family is the most important social institution in a society and marriage is a prerequisite for starting a family. However, sometimes, various factors cause breakup of the first marriage and happens again after the marriage. A review of the divorce situation in Iran shows that with the increase in population from 56 million people in 1991 to 83 million people in 2020, the number of divorces has increased from 40000 divorces in 1991 to 183000 divorces in 2020 (Yearbook of Demographic Statistics of Iran, 2020). Contrary to popular belief, people with a divorce experience are less likely to remarry and start a new marriage in an attempt to escape the same situation (Gold; 2016). Many men and women have been found to experience a divorce again after the first divorce. This is more common among men (Schweizer, 2020; Reynolds, 2020). Following the increase in divorce rates and the desire of people with a divorce experience to remarry, the number of families resulting in remarriage also increases. These families are called "stepfamilies". The demographic data that have measured the prevalence of stepfamilies in 21st century societies have shown that the majority (%86) of stepfamilies have a stepfather (Gold, 2020:146). A distinctive feature of the stepfamily is that it is a family, in which at least one child is not biologically related to both parents. It is probably true that the only observable factor that mostly distinguishes remarriage from the first marriage is the presence of children in the previous marriage. A stepfamily is unique and different from the core family. Determining how this stepfamily works, who the important adults are, and who influences the decisions in the stepfamily is a challenge (Cann-Milland, Mornane, Southcott, 2021: 13). Stepfathers are often reluctant to be disciplined because there is no clear authority given to the natural parents. If the stepfather is really disciplined, such a move may not be to the child's liking, nor can it be acceptable to the spouse. This problem of discipline seems to more commonly involve stepfathers than stepmothers since children usually stay with their mothers after divorce. It is the stepfather, who most often enters a single-parent family unit and actually experiences a daily interaction with his or her stepchildren (Goetting, 1982: 213). The share of foreign research in the field of remarriage associated with stepfamilies and stepfathers is higher than ours. Therefore, there is a need to study this phenomenon based on the social and cultural contexts of our society with regard to the fact that family in our society is one of the most fundamental institutions and the most important semantic systems of identity. Due to the research gap in the field of step-families and step-parents, the present study sought to analyze men’s experiences as step-parents and their communication challenges with their step-children, besides trying to answer the following questions: What issues and challenges does a stepfather face within the stepfamily? What are the interactions of the stepfather with the stepchild? What are the couple interactions like in this type of family? What are the socio-cultural challenges of this type of family? Materials & Methods Since the purpose of this research was to investigate the progress of men as stepfathers in remarriage in relation to their stepchildren, the best strategy to study this process was the grounded theory strategy with Strauss and Corbin’s systematic approach. The research participants were purposefully selected. The inclusion criteria were as follows: The participants had to be men and have an experience of remarriage after divorce. The new spouse had to have at least one child from the previous marriage with at least two years of remarriage. Also, theoretical sampling was applied. Sampling was continued until achieving the theoretical saturation so as to obtain accurate data and clearly clarify the dimensions of the study. To this goal, 15 men with an experience of remarriage and family life were interviewed in the presence of a stepchild in Isfahan with varied time periods of the interviews (minimum and maximum times of 4 and 8 hours, respectively. The data obtained from the interviews were then transcribed and analyzed via open, axial, and selective coding methods in a systematic chain-based and timed process. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The results showed that the dysfunctionality caused by role strain as a core category made the stepfamily's function problematic. The participating men experienced a heavy role strain due to a range of individual circumstances, de-functionalization contexts within the family, and normative socio-cultural processes that challenged their satisfaction with living in such families. They wanted to establish the traditional structure and order of their families, as well as stability of masculinity concepts, but different conditions, such as superiority of child over wife, parental powerlessness, etc., had destabilized the male sphere in the family and intensified their dissatisfaction. After experiencing role stress and the resulting dissatisfaction, they had chosen different strategies, including preventive and maladaptive strategies. The preventive strategy had a constructive consequence and strengthened family privacy, but this incompatible strategy could lead to re-divorce. It could be said that the underlying factors of role pressure and the adopted strategies overshadowed the family performance of step-families. Although the researchers tried to provide new statistics on remarriage, they were unable to do so due to lack of cooperation between the relevant organizations. We also encountered problems during sampling. None of the counseling centers and psychological clinics, as well as the marriage and divorce registry offices, agreed to cooperate. In addition, due to the sensitivities related to the stepfamilies, the individuals refused to introduce the related specimens, which led to time-consuming persuasion. It is suggested that the mass media, improve the relationship between stepchildren and stepfamilies by observing the principle of impartiality and avoiding value judgments and raise public awareness as well as remarriage by reviewing the media content and step-by-step plans for stepfamilies and stepfathers. It is also suggested to increase social research of men with an experience of divorce, remarriage, and step-family. Moreover, some research should be done in the field of psychology and social work in order to identify the adapting and coping approaches, find solutions to reduce role pressure, and increase the skills of people involved in managing stressors. The research on males in this field should be increased. It is necessary to hold workshops to enhance the awareness of people, who want to remarry, so as to get acquainted with the challenges of this marriage and the ways of facing these challenges. Stepfamilies need to refrain from adopting previous family styles and help strengthen the privacy and foundation of their families by reorganizing roles and responsibilities.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_26452_5e9d6a6dbe6599b5522119ad48986ca3.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 10 4 2021 12 22 Sociological Study of Sexual Harassment of Disabled Women in Mazandaran Province Sociological Study of Sexual Harassment of Disabled Women in Mazandaran Province 69 90 26331 10.22108/srspi.2022.131625.1755 FA Afagh Rostamian Department of Social Sciences, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran Ali Rahmani Firouzjah Associate Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Babol Branch, Islamic Azad University, Babol, Iran Ali Asghar Abbasi Asfajir . Associate Professor in social science department, Babol branch, Islamic azad university, Babol, Iran Journal Article 2021 12 18 Introduction Sexual abuse of people with disabilities is a common problem in contemporary society. However, many cases of harassment do not appear to be reported and thus remain unknown. The study of sexual harassment of disabled women is one of the topics that has not received much empirical attention. Sexual harassment is an example of violence against women. Although disabled women experience the same forms of abuse as non-disabled women do, some types of abuse are specific to women with disabilities and make them more vulnerable to physical and sexual abuse. The risk factors include inability to leave the harassing situation due to mobility disorders or dependence on a caregiver. Therefore, vulnerability increases with physical, mental, and emotional limitations. The present study investigated the extent of sexual harassment among disabled women in relation to social factors in Mazandaran Province. Considering individual and social consequences, as well as the religious nature of Iranian society, in which such secular and immoral behaviors are disliked, it was necessary to address the social factors affecting sexual harassment of the disabled. Materials & Methods This research was based on a survey method. A questionnaire was used to collect the data and the theoretical construct validity was applied to determine the validity of the indicators. The research population included women and girls with disabilities in Mazandaran Province. Based on its geographical location and cultural differences, Mazandaran Province is divided into 4 areas: Sari, Babol, Behshahr, and Noor. To determine the sample size, a simple random cluster sampling method was employed. A total of 9417 women with disabilities were selected from the mentioned cities as the statistical population. 400 questionnaires were distributed among the individuals and finally 343 questionnaires were described and analyzed. The dependent variable was sexual harassment, which was categorized into the two general dimensions of verbal harassment and non-verbal harassment. The independent variables included availability of suitable targets, absence of the capable guardian in routine activities theory, and exposure measure and risky behaviors of lifestyle theory. The questionnaire reliability was obtained by using Cronbach Alpha. The highest Cronbach Alpha was 0.85 for the variable of exposure measure. The variables of suitable target and risky behavior had good reliability as well. In the present study, SPSS 21 software was utilized for performing the statistical analysis of data. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The results indicated that the first hypothesis of the study, i.e., sexual harassment of the disabled as a function of suitable target, was confirmed. Analysis of the variables showed that the increase in victimization could be attributed to the visible symptoms of disability, such as having a stick, wheelchair, etc. The evidence supported the idea that the motivated criminals were more likely to select those they found vulnerable. The analyses also revealed that the individual and environmental factors might play a role in decreasing or increasing the potential risk. In particular, lack of academic achievement, satisfaction with the number of friends in the peer network, and difficulties in daily life activities affected the risk of victimization. The second hypothesis of the study, i.e., sexual harassment of the disabled as a function of lifestyle, was confirmed with a beta value of 0.489. According to the lifestyle approach, some people lead lifestyles, with which victimization increases. Thus, some lifestyles create opportunities for crime and enhance the likelihood of victimization. Lifestyle theory in criminology is based on the premise that the probability of being victimized by a crime varies according to the extent the victims are placed in high-risk situations where potential offenders are present. Introduction Sexual abuse of people with disabilities is a common problem in contemporary society. However, many cases of harassment do not appear to be reported and thus remain unknown. The study of sexual harassment of disabled women is one of the topics that has not received much empirical attention. Sexual harassment is an example of violence against women. Although disabled women experience the same forms of abuse as non-disabled women do, some types of abuse are specific to women with disabilities and make them more vulnerable to physical and sexual abuse. The risk factors include inability to leave the harassing situation due to mobility disorders or dependence on a caregiver. Therefore, vulnerability increases with physical, mental, and emotional limitations. The present study investigated the extent of sexual harassment among disabled women in relation to social factors in Mazandaran Province. Considering individual and social consequences, as well as the religious nature of Iranian society, in which such secular and immoral behaviors are disliked, it was necessary to address the social factors affecting sexual harassment of the disabled. Materials & Methods This research was based on a survey method. A questionnaire was used to collect the data and the theoretical construct validity was applied to determine the validity of the indicators. The research population included women and girls with disabilities in Mazandaran Province. Based on its geographical location and cultural differences, Mazandaran Province is divided into 4 areas: Sari, Babol, Behshahr, and Noor. To determine the sample size, a simple random cluster sampling method was employed. A total of 9417 women with disabilities were selected from the mentioned cities as the statistical population. 400 questionnaires were distributed among the individuals and finally 343 questionnaires were described and analyzed. The dependent variable was sexual harassment, which was categorized into the two general dimensions of verbal harassment and non-verbal harassment. The independent variables included availability of suitable targets, absence of the capable guardian in routine activities theory, and exposure measure and risky behaviors of lifestyle theory. The questionnaire reliability was obtained by using Cronbach Alpha. The highest Cronbach Alpha was 0.85 for the variable of exposure measure. The variables of suitable target and risky behavior had good reliability as well. In the present study, SPSS 21 software was utilized for performing the statistical analysis of data. Discussion of Results & Conclusions The results indicated that the first hypothesis of the study, i.e., sexual harassment of the disabled as a function of suitable target, was confirmed. Analysis of the variables showed that the increase in victimization could be attributed to the visible symptoms of disability, such as having a stick, wheelchair, etc. The evidence supported the idea that the motivated criminals were more likely to select those they found vulnerable. The analyses also revealed that the individual and environmental factors might play a role in decreasing or increasing the potential risk. In particular, lack of academic achievement, satisfaction with the number of friends in the peer network, and difficulties in daily life activities affected the risk of victimization. The second hypothesis of the study, i.e., sexual harassment of the disabled as a function of lifestyle, was confirmed with a beta value of 0.489. According to the lifestyle approach, some people lead lifestyles, with which victimization increases. Thus, some lifestyles create opportunities for crime and enhance the likelihood of victimization. Lifestyle theory in criminology is based on the premise that the probability of being victimized by a crime varies according to the extent the victims are placed in high-risk situations where potential offenders are present.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_26331_863424bd699633aad8dff2ae16524b81.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 10 4 2021 12 22 Mothers as Household Heads and Family Happiness: A Qualitative Study among Female-Headed Households in Yazd City Mothers as Household Heads and Family Happiness: A Qualitative Study among Female-Headed Households in Yazd City 91 116 26325 10.22108/srspi.2022.130957.1737 FA Zahra Falakodin PhD student in Economic Sociology and Development, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. 0000-0003-1183-2585 Masoud Hadjizadeh Meimandi Associate Professor of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Seyed Mohsen Mousavi Assistant Professor of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Ahmad Kalate Sadati Associate Professor of Sociology, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran. Journal Article 2021 10 16 Introduction: Since the late of 20th century, happiness has been chosen as one of the subjects of study because lack of paying attention to it has increased mental illness and disorders, especially anxiety and depression. For this reason, the variable of vitality has been included in the related calculations as one of the key criteria considered by the United Nations to determine the development levels of countries since 2000. Man needs happiness as a fundamental need, which has an important role in his psycho-social life. However, it could be said that in the outside world, no improvement is observed in his non-material and spiritual aspect of life despite the promotion and development in his material aspect of life, especially technology. Today, the sense of happiness is more important than happiness itself and this phenomenon is one of the dimensions of social development. Family is one of the institutions that can provide happiness for its members in the society. Social interactions among mothers and their family members can increase happiness in families. Therefore, the aim of the present paper was to study the role of woman as household heads in creating happiness in their families. Materials & Methods: This research was based on a qualitative method and content analysis technique. The study sample included all the female-headed households with women aged between 20 and 50 years, who had at least one child, in Yazd City in 2022. The intended and purposive sample was associated with the technique of snow-ball sampling. The studied women were introduced by those, who had interactions with them. The data-gathering technique involved in-depth interviews. The researchers interviewed the mentioned women with an emphasis on the secrecy of their information based on ethical rules. The time of interviews was 40-60 min. After completing the data-gathering phase, coding was done to reach the theoretical saturation and find the final theme. To validate the data, the participants’ feedbacks were applied. Throughout the research phases, obeying the rules of confidentiality and trusteeship was emphasized. Discussion of Results & Conclusions: In this research, the roles of women as household heads in creating happiness in their families were studied in Yazd City. In the final phase of coding and analysis, the following 6 themes or categories were identified: 1) reflexive attitude; 2) non-escape activity; 3) economic management of life; 4) stigma derived from culture; 5) attempt for developing and improving social relationships; and 6) completed growth of children. These categories could be put in the final category or core of double parenthood. This category meant that mothers as household heads took both the roles of motherhood and fatherhood as much as possible. These women had to do economic activities outside their houses besides providing calmness, peace, and security for their children in the absence of their fathers. They tried to create happiness in their children via several mechanisms, especially by providing their material and non-material needs with an emphasis on rich social interactions. The findings of this study showed that promoting and empowering women as household heads, especially through participatory mechanisms, were dependent on civil associations and support institutions, which in turn could affect the society in a positive way. Based on the results, paying attention to the needs of household heads and empowering them can subsequently affect happiness in families. It is recommended that managers of supportive institutions and socio-cultural policymakers pay attention to female-headed households. Introduction: Since the late of 20th century, happiness has been chosen as one of the subjects of study because lack of paying attention to it has increased mental illness and disorders, especially anxiety and depression. For this reason, the variable of vitality has been included in the related calculations as one of the key criteria considered by the United Nations to determine the development levels of countries since 2000. Man needs happiness as a fundamental need, which has an important role in his psycho-social life. However, it could be said that in the outside world, no improvement is observed in his non-material and spiritual aspect of life despite the promotion and development in his material aspect of life, especially technology. Today, the sense of happiness is more important than happiness itself and this phenomenon is one of the dimensions of social development. Family is one of the institutions that can provide happiness for its members in the society. Social interactions among mothers and their family members can increase happiness in families. Therefore, the aim of the present paper was to study the role of woman as household heads in creating happiness in their families. Materials & Methods: This research was based on a qualitative method and content analysis technique. The study sample included all the female-headed households with women aged between 20 and 50 years, who had at least one child, in Yazd City in 2022. The intended and purposive sample was associated with the technique of snow-ball sampling. The studied women were introduced by those, who had interactions with them. The data-gathering technique involved in-depth interviews. The researchers interviewed the mentioned women with an emphasis on the secrecy of their information based on ethical rules. The time of interviews was 40-60 min. After completing the data-gathering phase, coding was done to reach the theoretical saturation and find the final theme. To validate the data, the participants’ feedbacks were applied. Throughout the research phases, obeying the rules of confidentiality and trusteeship was emphasized. Discussion of Results & Conclusions: In this research, the roles of women as household heads in creating happiness in their families were studied in Yazd City. In the final phase of coding and analysis, the following 6 themes or categories were identified: 1) reflexive attitude; 2) non-escape activity; 3) economic management of life; 4) stigma derived from culture; 5) attempt for developing and improving social relationships; and 6) completed growth of children. These categories could be put in the final category or core of double parenthood. This category meant that mothers as household heads took both the roles of motherhood and fatherhood as much as possible. These women had to do economic activities outside their houses besides providing calmness, peace, and security for their children in the absence of their fathers. They tried to create happiness in their children via several mechanisms, especially by providing their material and non-material needs with an emphasis on rich social interactions. The findings of this study showed that promoting and empowering women as household heads, especially through participatory mechanisms, were dependent on civil associations and support institutions, which in turn could affect the society in a positive way. Based on the results, paying attention to the needs of household heads and empowering them can subsequently affect happiness in families. It is recommended that managers of supportive institutions and socio-cultural policymakers pay attention to female-headed households.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_26325_1599d57a26b29f5363421365d450e1ba.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 10 4 2021 12 22 Describing Children’s Lived Experiences of Parents with Emotional Divorce Describing Children’s Lived Experiences of Parents with Emotional Divorce 117 140 26542 10.22108/srspi.2022.128286.1693 FA Donya Jafararzade MSc., Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran Asiye Shariatmadar Assistant Professor, Department of Counseling, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, Allameh Tabataba'i University, Tehran, Iran Ali Gara-daghi Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Faculty of Psychology and Educational Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2021 04 28 Introduction: An uplifting family is based on couples’ emotional bonds and mutual trust, which provide peace and mental security not only for the couples, but also for all members of the family. Despite this fact, marital conflicts and incompatibilities may lead to a dead end called divorce, which causes the most important damage to and decline of family health. It is the most important cause of its collapse. However, legal divorce rates reflect only a small part of couple’s conflicts, while many couples continue their cold and meaningless lives for various reasons and never get divorced. Dissatisfaction with the married life, reduced intimacy, and emotional distance between couples lead to emotional divorce. Emotional divorce is a type of abnormality that affects the family on a small scale and the wider community. Understanding the issue of emotional divorce and its consequences in societies is necessary because the shaking foundation of the family leads to its members’ feeling of emotional-psychological emptiness, as well as various moral and social harms to the society. Therefore, it is necessary to study its effects on different aspects of children’s lives. No society can claim to have health if they do not have healthy families. There is no social harm arisen regardless of the influence of the family. Since family is the first institution for individuals’ socialization, any rupture in the family institution leads to children’s negative socialization. Thus, it causes both personal and social harms. For this reason, it is necessary to study its effects on different aspects of children’s lives and describe children’s lived experiences of emotional divorce. Materials & Methods: The purpose of this research was to study children’s lived experiences of parents with emotional divorce. This study was based on a qualitative approach with a descriptive phenomenological method. Phenomenology refers to the description of one or more individuals’ consciousness and experience(s) of a phenomenon. Its purpose is to gain a perspective on the participants’ life world and understand their personal perceptions, that is, to understand what everything means to them, the meanings, which are derived from their life experiences. To achieve this goal, 12 qualified adolescents and young people were selected by purposive and snowball sampling. In purposeful sampling, the researcher is free to choose the samples that are in accordance with the subject and goals. Due to the sensitivity of the subject, lack of accurate statistics, and the people’s unwillingness to talk about their private issues, the snowball method was also used for data collection. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed via content analysis method. Discussion of Results & Conclusions: The findings of the present study on the children’s lived experiences of emotional divorce led to the extraction of 96 sub-themes and 13 main themes, which included lack of solidarity in the family, parental communication inefficiency, children’s communication and emotional vacuums, transfer of parental problems to children, disruption of family boundaries, immersion of family in negative emotions, father’s harmful traits, mother’s harmful traits, children’s psychological disorders, modeling problems, children's concerns about parents, and coping strategies for stress tolerance and emotional divorce consequences. The results indicated that the children’s mental health was endangered due to the unbalanced and unhealthy functioning of their families with emotional divorce. The children considered their families as the cause of confusion and stress instead of providing a comforting place. Therefore, it is recommended to inform parents about the pernicious effects of emotional divorce and empower and promote their children’s psychological capitals. Introduction: An uplifting family is based on couples’ emotional bonds and mutual trust, which provide peace and mental security not only for the couples, but also for all members of the family. Despite this fact, marital conflicts and incompatibilities may lead to a dead end called divorce, which causes the most important damage to and decline of family health. It is the most important cause of its collapse. However, legal divorce rates reflect only a small part of couple’s conflicts, while many couples continue their cold and meaningless lives for various reasons and never get divorced. Dissatisfaction with the married life, reduced intimacy, and emotional distance between couples lead to emotional divorce. Emotional divorce is a type of abnormality that affects the family on a small scale and the wider community. Understanding the issue of emotional divorce and its consequences in societies is necessary because the shaking foundation of the family leads to its members’ feeling of emotional-psychological emptiness, as well as various moral and social harms to the society. Therefore, it is necessary to study its effects on different aspects of children’s lives. No society can claim to have health if they do not have healthy families. There is no social harm arisen regardless of the influence of the family. Since family is the first institution for individuals’ socialization, any rupture in the family institution leads to children’s negative socialization. Thus, it causes both personal and social harms. For this reason, it is necessary to study its effects on different aspects of children’s lives and describe children’s lived experiences of emotional divorce. Materials & Methods: The purpose of this research was to study children’s lived experiences of parents with emotional divorce. This study was based on a qualitative approach with a descriptive phenomenological method. Phenomenology refers to the description of one or more individuals’ consciousness and experience(s) of a phenomenon. Its purpose is to gain a perspective on the participants’ life world and understand their personal perceptions, that is, to understand what everything means to them, the meanings, which are derived from their life experiences. To achieve this goal, 12 qualified adolescents and young people were selected by purposive and snowball sampling. In purposeful sampling, the researcher is free to choose the samples that are in accordance with the subject and goals. Due to the sensitivity of the subject, lack of accurate statistics, and the people’s unwillingness to talk about their private issues, the snowball method was also used for data collection. The data were collected through semi-structured interviews and analyzed via content analysis method. Discussion of Results & Conclusions: The findings of the present study on the children’s lived experiences of emotional divorce led to the extraction of 96 sub-themes and 13 main themes, which included lack of solidarity in the family, parental communication inefficiency, children’s communication and emotional vacuums, transfer of parental problems to children, disruption of family boundaries, immersion of family in negative emotions, father’s harmful traits, mother’s harmful traits, children’s psychological disorders, modeling problems, children's concerns about parents, and coping strategies for stress tolerance and emotional divorce consequences. The results indicated that the children’s mental health was endangered due to the unbalanced and unhealthy functioning of their families with emotional divorce. The children considered their families as the cause of confusion and stress instead of providing a comforting place. Therefore, it is recommended to inform parents about the pernicious effects of emotional divorce and empower and promote their children’s psychological capitals.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_26542_68998a3cc200af517cde30884494ce66.pdf