دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی 3041-8623 12 4 2023 12 22 Kolbari and Its Identity Implications: Thematic Analysis of the Narrative of Kolbars in Baneh کولبری و دلالت‎‍های هویتی آن: تحلیل مضمون روایت کولبران بانه 1 22 28235 10.22108/srspi.2024.139282.1943 FA امید قادرزاده دانشیار، گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران عادل رسولی صدبار دانشجوی کارشناسی ارشد گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه کردستان، سنندج، ایران Journal Article 2023 09 30 Introduction Baneh, located in Iranian Kurdistan, is a mountainous city situated near the border. Due to its distance from the city center and chronic underdevelopment, the border has emerged as a sustainable livelihood option for the region. Over the past few decades, a significant portion of the population in Baneh has come to depend on the border with "Kolbari" becoming a primary means of earning a living. The term "Kolbari" consists of two parts: "Kol", which in Kurdish means carrying a load by hand or on the shoulder, and "Bari", which means to carry. A Kolbar is an individual, who transports goods across rugged mountain paths from one side of the border to the other in exchange for wages. The lives of many border residents revolve around the practice of Kolbari. Today, Kolbari is not only a source of income or a common occupation, but it has also developed into a distinct lifestyle and subculture. From a sociological perspective, the role of lifestyle in shaping identity is undeniable. Therefore, the objective of this research was to examine the identity implications of Kolbari and its associated meanings. Materials and Methods The primary objective of this research was to explore the understanding of Kolbars in terms of their sense of otherness and the process of identification. To achieve this goal, a qualitative methodology and thematic analysis were deemed appropriate as the method and strategy for data management and analysis. Thematic analysis is a method used to identify and analyze patterns within qualitative data (Clarke & Braun, 2013: 1). The focus of this research was on individuals, who had a minimum of three years of experience as Kolbars in the city of Baneh and possessed a thorough understanding of this way of life. Data collection was conducted through semi-structured interviews. A purposeful sampling approach was employed, selecting 19 Kolbars with an emphasis on maintaining maximum diversity among participants. The collected data were then analyzed using thematic analysis and data coding was facilitated using Maxqda software. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Despite being a compulsory phenomenon, Kolbari was perceived by most Kolbars as a matter of honor, a source of pride, and a means to protect human dignity. Kolbars viewed their experience as migrant labor as disrespectful to their Kurdish identity and a threat to their honor and security. Consequently, they interpreted Kolbari as a way to regain their honor and escape the dishonorable experiences associated with migrant work. The themes that emerged from the narratives of Kolbars indicated their willingness to endure the hardships of Kolbari in order to earn a "proud bread". Kolbari was seen as a means to escape subordination and reclaim a sense of liberation from otherness. Despite the challenging encounters with border institutions, experiences of disrespect, physical and psychological torture, and the subsequent harassment and expenses following arrests, it was important to avoid interpreting Kolbari solely as a result of structural coercion. Rather, it was necessary to understand how Kolbars themselves perceived and interpreted this occupation. Kolbars chose this profession over spying on their peers and colleagues, considering it an honorable occupation. Their narratives rejected the perception of Kolbari as involvement in smuggling or aggression. According to the interviewees, Kolbari was interpreted as a struggle for survival and a dignified means of livelihood that preserved their sense of dignity. On a macro level, Kolbari represented a form of social exclusion. It reflected power deprivation and double marginalization experienced by the Kurdish population. Additionally, Kolbari served as a platform for defining and redefining insider and outsider boundaries. It was influenced by Kurdish cultural differentiation and simultaneously shaped the identity of Kolbars in unique ways, calling for a distinct identity. These findings aligned with the results of Soleimani and Mohammadpour (2020). In the narratives, the confrontation between Kurdish Kolbars and non-Kurdish officers was often generalized to encompass all border and governance institutions. Therefore, when discussing otherness, Kolbars explicitly referred to border agents, institutions, and government representatives. One could interpret Kolbar's "transgression" of the border as an act of defiance against the government and a challenge to the official narrative surrounding borders. هدف پژوهش حاضر، مطالعۀ کولبری به‎‍مثابۀ سبک ‎‍زندگی با دلالت‎‍های هویتی است. روش‎‍شناسی پژوهش، کیفی و از تحلیل مضمون در مقام روش و استراتژی مدیریت و تحلیل داده‎‍ها بهره‎‍ گرفته شده است. میدان مطالعه‌شده، کولبران شهرستان بانه‌اند. برای گردآوری داده‎‍ها از مصاحبۀ نیمه‎‍ساختار‌یافته استفاده شد. در همین راستا 19 نفر از کولبران با روش‎‍نمونه‎‍گیری هدفمند و با حفظ حداکثر تنوع انتخاب شدند. بر مبنای تحلیل مضمونی داده‎‍ها، 4 مضمون اصلی به شرح زیر استخراج شد: در ارتباط با معانی کولبری، به دو مضمون اصلی «مبارزه برای حفظ کرامت» و «تجربۀ حیات برهنه» دست یافتیم. در ارتباط با دلالت‎‍های هویتی کولبری، دو مضمون اصلی «تردید در بازشناسی کولبر به‎‍مثابۀ ایرانی» و «قومیت به‎‍مثابۀ سپر محافظتی» به دست آمد. این‎‍همانی کُردبودن با کولبری، بازنمای طرد اجتماعی ساختاری مناطق مرزی است و بر دگردیسی کولبری از یک امر اقتصادی و معیشتی صرف، به کرداری سیاسی- فرهنگی و هویتی دلالت دارد که از سوی کولبران به شیوه‎‍‎‍ای مبدعانه فهم و تفسیر می‌شود و روایت مسلط را به چالش می‎‍کشد.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_28235_c6f131f6c0702f9a4250042bd4b2588b.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی 3041-8623 12 4 2023 12 22 Analyzing the Social and Cultural Determinants of Keeping and Using Firearms in Khuzestan Province واکاوی تعیین‌گرهای ‎‍اجتماعی و فرهنگی نگهداری و استفاده از سلاح گرم در استان خوزستان 23 46 28102 10.22108/srspi.2024.137410.1902 FA معصومه باقری دانشیار جامعه شناسی، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکدۀ اقتصاد و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران مرضیه شهریاری استادیار جامعه‌شناسی، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکدۀ اقتصاد و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران سجاد بهمنی استادیار جامعهشناسی، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکدۀ اقتصاد و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران علی بوداقی استادیار جامعه شناسی، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکدۀ اقتصاد و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه شهید چمران اهواز، اهواز، ایران Journal Article 2023 05 27 Introduction In many countries, including America, Canada, South Africa, Brazil, Colombia, and certain European nations, firearm-related injuries are a significant contributor to the overall number of deaths (Dahlberg, 2004). The majority of these incidents occur in countries where civilian firearm possession is unrestricted (Singh, 2005). According to a report from the United Nations, South Africa has the second highest rate of firearm-related deaths globally (Sanaei, 2004). In contrast, Iran has relatively few reported firearm injuries with the most recent official statistics from 2014 indicating over one million illegal firearms and a similar number of authorized firearms in circulation. Materials & Methods This study employed an interpretive approach to explore and elucidate participants' experiences and interpretations of firearm use by using qualitative methods. Specifically, the foundational data theory method was utilized among various qualitative research methods to conduct and present the research. Criterion sampling was employed to select all cases that met specific researcher-defined criteria. The participants included senior experts from the police deputy of the governorate, social deputy of the governorate, senior experts of the governorate, individuals arrested in this field, senior experts of the police force, academic experts, and citizens of Khuzestan Province (Ahvaz, Abadan, Izeh, and Shadgan cities). In-depth interviews were the primary technique used for data collection. Data analysis followed the systematic approach of contextual theory, employing open, axial, and selective coding methods. Common validation techniques were utilized to ensure the scientific rigor and trustworthiness of the research. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The data analysis revealed various factors within the research model. Causal conditions encompassed the quality and lack of official supervision, civil disobedience, symbolic function of weapons, feelings of deprivation and discrimination, demonstrative use of weapons, tribal power dynamics, strategic planning weaknesses, and anomic conditions. Additionally, tribal prejudice, identity reevaluation, identity-driven use of weapons, and background conditions (economic determinants), such as poverty, unemployment, perceived economic pressure, economic-social base of users, easy access to weapons, and generation of income through unauthorized weapon sales were identified. The intervening conditions (cultural determinants) included the influence of nomadic culture, patriarchal cultural stagnation, weapons as symbols of nobility and leadership honor, low cultural capital of users, delayed ethnic customs and traditions, lack of family socialization, inactive cultural organizations, lack of free time, ethnic reference groups, belief in honoring local traditions, and value of using weapons. The proposed strategies involved the necessity of enacting laws, regulating licensed weapons, continuous monitoring of weapon licenses, citizen-centered monitoring, developing cultural strategies to replace weapons, enhancing the efficiency of laws in local conflict resolution, and utilizing local trustees' capacity. The participants highlighted the significant consequences, including heightened insecurity, negative evaluation of local governance performance by citizens, and reduced sense of belonging, all revolving around the core category of "unbalanced reproduction of ethnic traditions." مقدمه: اطلاع از تعیین‌گرهای اجتماعی و فرهنگی در استفاده از سلاح گرم در استان خوزستان، ازاین‌رو اهمیت دارد که شواهد اولیه نشان می‌دهد این موضوع، یکی از دغدغه‎‍های روزمرۀ مسئولان استان و شهروندان است. روش: این مطالعه از نوع پژوهش‎‍های کیفی است که با استفاده از روش نظریۀ داده‌بنیاد انجام شده است. شیوۀ گردآوری داده‌ها، مصاحبه بوده و با استفاده از روش نمونه‌گیری هدفمند و معیار اشباع نظری، با 42 نفر از خبرگان و مطلعان کلیدی استان خوزستان انجام شده است. یافته‌ها: تحلیل داده‌ها‌ به احصای مدل پژوهش منجر شد که در بعد شرایط علی، شامل‌ کم و کیف نظارت رسمی، نافرمانی مدنی، کارکرد نمادین سلاح، احساس محرومیت و تبعیض، مصرف نمایشی سلاح، برجسته‎‍سازی قدرت قبیله، ضعف برنامه‌ریزی استراتژیک، شرایط آنومیک، تعصب طایفه‎‍ای، بازاندیشی هویتی، هویت‌مدار‌شدن مصرف سلاح و در بعد شرایط زمینه‎‍ای، (تعیین‎‍گرهای اقتصادی) شامل‌ فقر و بیکاری، فشار اقتصادی ادراک‌شده، پایگاه اقتصادی- اجتماعی استفاده‌کنندگان، دسترسی آسان و ارزان به سلاح، درآمدزایی، در بعد شرایط مداخله‎‍گر (تعیین‎‍گرهای فرهنگی) شامل فوران جو و فرهنگ عشایری در مرکز استان، سکون فرهنگی پیرسالاری، سلاح نماد مردانگی و تکریم سران، سرمایۀ فرهنگی پایین استفاده‌کنندگان، دیرینگی آیین و رسوم قومی، کم و کیف جامعه‌پذیری خانوادگی، کم‌کاری سازمان‌های فرهنگی، فقدان اوقات فراغت، گروه‎‍های مرجع قومی، باور به تکریم سنت‎‍های محلی و باارزش‌‌بودن مصرف سلاح است. همچنین در بعد استراتژی‌ها شامل‌ ضرورت وضع قوانین، سامان‌دهی سلاح‌های دارای مجوز، پایش مستمر مجوز سلاح، پایش با محوریت مطالبه‎‍گری شهروندی، تدوین راهبرد فرهنگی جایگزین سلاح، کارآمدسازی قانون در مواجهه با حل منازعات محلی، استفادۀ مستمر از ظرفیت معتمدان محلی، اولویت‌دهی تیراندازی در مصوبات شورای تأمین و ... است. از‌نظر مشارکت‌کنندگان، مهم‌ترین پیامدها نیز شامل‌ تشدید احساس ناامنی در استان، ارزیابی منفی شهروندان از عملکرد نظام حکمرانی محلی، کاهش حس تعلق به مکان و ... است که حول مقولۀ هستۀ «بازتولید ناموزون سنت‌های قومی» سامان‌دهی شده است.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_28102_b67a8d33b48e1088a6b46985890fbe40.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی 3041-8623 12 4 2023 12 22 Context of Institutional Trust Erosion: An Inquiry into Workers' Experiences in Accessing Support and Welfare Institutions زمینه‎‍های فرسایش اعتماد نهادی: واکاوی تجربۀ کارگران از مراجعه به نهادهای حمایتی و رفاهی 47 72 28231 10.22108/srspi.2024.139785.1957 FA محدثه ضیاء ناصرانی دانشجوی دکتری گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران حسین افراسیابی دانشیار گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران سیدعلیرضا افشانی استاد گروه جامعه‌شناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران حمید عباداللهی چنذانق دانشیار گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکدۀ ادبیات و علوم انسانی، دانشگاه گیلان، رشت، ایران Journal Article 2023 12 01 Introduction One of the fundamental components of social capital is the level of social or institutional trust. Institutional trust emerges when citizens perceive government institutions as accountable, efficient, benevolent, predictable, open, transparent, fair, and honest. It represents an abstract form of trust placed in institutions and organizations. The degree of trust individuals have in different institutions varies across societies and evolves over time. People anticipate that each organization will act in alignment with its foundational goals and nature. Consequently, if an organization fails to act according to its defined objectives, it will lose its efficacy. The effectiveness or ineffectiveness of an organization, as perceived by different individuals in the society, influences the legitimacy or illegitimacy of that organization in their eyes. This, in turn, shapes people's level of trust in these institutions. Examining workers' experiences with welfare and social security institutions, such as Labor Department, Cooperatives and Social Welfare, and Social Security Organization, can be of great significance in comprehending the acceptance, legitimacy, or illegitimacy of these institutions from the workers' perspective. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate workers' experiences when interacting with these institutions. In doing so, we sought to address the following questions: How do workers feel when they visit these institutions? To what extent do they perceive these institutions as facilitators? What has been their interaction with the staff of these supportive institutions? How do they evaluate the efficiency of these institutions? And are they inclined to revisit them to resolve their issues? Materials & Methods In this exploratory study, a constructivist grounded theory approach rooted in the interpretive-critical paradigm was employed. The researchers assumed multiple roles, including that of a worker, researcher, and employee of one of the supportive institutions in the field, to gather the necessary data. In the initial stage, one of the researchers immersed themselves in the role of a worker, adopting a covert and non-systematic observation approach within a natural setting to collect data. This involved actively participating in the worker's role and observing the environment. The second stage involved the researchers assuming their actual roles as researchers in workshops and supportive welfare institutions. Through interactions with workers, techniques, such as semi-structured interviews, were conducted and the researchers attended dispute resolution sessions between workers and employers at Tehran Province Cooperatives, Labor, and Social Welfare Administration. The third stage involved one of the researchers assuming the position of an employee in a relevant supportive institution, specifically the Social Security Organization. By becoming a complete participant in the research field, the researcher aimed to gain a deeper understanding of the workers' level of trust in welfare and supportive institutions, as well as the nature of their interactions with these institutions. Similar to the first stage, information was collected through covert and non-systematic observation within a natural setting. Participant selection was done through a purposive and theoretical sampling approach. The sample consisted of unemployed Iranian workers living in Tehran, who were accessed through referrals to the Labor, Cooperatives, and Social Welfare Administration, as well as the Social Security Organization. The number of participants continued until theoretical saturation was achieved, adhering to the principles of qualitative sampling. Theoretical and analytical field notes provided a comprehensive understanding of the research context. These notes aided in uncovering covert policies, capturing insights that could not be extracted solely through worker interviews, and facilitated the comprehension of the underlying relationships between agents of supportive institutions and workers. The enrichment of categories, the strengthening of relationships between concepts and categories, and the inclusion of 37 workers with workshop experience ultimately led to theoretical saturation. Discussion of Results & Conclusion Institutional distrust is a form of distrust that exists at intermediate levels within the society. It pertains to the lack of trust in organizations, administrations, and various types of institutions in the society. These organizations and institutions serve as intermediaries between the broader governing system at the macro level and the interactions between individuals at the micro level. They are established as a result of macro-level policymaking and their existence is shaped and sustained through the actions of individuals at the micro level, while also being influenced by conflicts between actions and reactions. Our analysis of the interviewees' narratives led us to a different conclusion regarding institutional trust and the factors that enhanced or undermined it compared to the existing discussions. While Claus Offe argues that institutional trust is contingent upon the performance of organizational agents and actors, our analysis of the interviewees' narratives suggested that institutional distrust could be examined at two levels: agency and structure. This level of analysis aligned with Sztompka's analysis of institutional distrust. The difference in the findings of our study did not lie in the level of analysis, but rather in the specific factors influencing each level of analysis. It appeared that institutional distrust arose from the actions of implementers and institutional agents within the dominant institutions, as well as the structure of the institutions themselves. At the agency level, visitors' negative experiences with agents and institutional intermediaries, including encounters with administrative, financial, and moral corruption, lack of empathy from intermediaries, and bureaucratic obstacles that hindered the exercise of individual rights, along with nepotism and a management style reminiscent of tribalism, contributed to the prevalence of institutional distrust among the public. Since institutional distrust at the agency level often contradicts the underlying philosophy and goals of institutions and organizations, it tends to be more concrete and observable and has received more attention. Visitors are generally more aware of this level of institutional distrust. Moreover, institutional distrust at the agency level is more amenable to reform. However, a more abstract and intangible form of institutional distrust exists at the structural level. Each institution has its own social objectives and goals. Consequently, institutions have explicit and implicit policies that ensure their survival. If an organization's overt and covert policies, which define the scope of its actions and agency, conflict with the organization's fundamental goals that shape its philosophy and nature, the organization will fail to meet visitors' expectations, thereby eroding institutional trust. This level of institutional distrust does not stem from the actions of individual agents, but rather from structural factors. Unfortunately, in most cases, visitors are unaware of these institutional constraints and attribute their dissatisfaction to the staff and intermediaries of the organization. In reality, these intermediaries operate within the confines of the organizational structure, having limited authority, decision-making power, and agency. Therefore, it could be inferred that the erosion of institutional trust was not solely influenced by the performance of agents within welfare and supportive institutions, with whom workers directly interacted, but also stemmed from covert and hidden policies that influenced the organization's performance, often remaining concealed from visitors. اعتمادی نهادی، نوعی ‎‍اعتماد در سطوح میانی جامعه است. منظور از ‎‍اعتمادی نهادی، ‎‍اعتماد به سازمان‎‍ها، ادارات و انواع نهادها در سطح جامعه است. هدف این مطالعه، شناخت تجربیات کارگران از مراجعه به نهادهای حمایتی و رفاهی است که پذیرفته‎‍شدگی، مشروعیت و ‌‎‍مشروعیت‌نداشتن این نهادها را در نگاه کارگران تحت تأثیر قرار می‌دهد. مطالعه با رویکرد تفسیری-کیفی و روش داده‎‍بنیاد برساخت‌گرا اجرا شده ‎‍‎‍است. پژوهشگران برای دستیابی به داده‎‍های مورد نیاز، در سه نقش کارگر، محقق و کارمند یکی از نهادهای حمایتی در میدان حضور یافته‎‍اند. برای انتخاب کارگرانی که تجربۀ مراجعه به نهادهای حمایتی را داشته‎‍اند، از شیوۀ نمونه‎‍گیری هدفمند و نظری استفاده شد. با رسیدن نمونه‎‍ها به 37 نفر، اشباع نظری حاصل شد. واکاوی تجربۀ کارگران از مراجعه به نهادهای حمایتی و رفاهی، دستیابی به مقوله‎‍های ادراک فساد، ‌‎‍همدلی‌نکردن کارگزاران، بوروکراسی ناکارآمد، اثربخش‌نبودن نهادها، بحران سیاست‎‍گذاری و بیگانگی نهادی حاصل شد که ذیل مقولۀ اصلی فرسایش اعتمادی نهادی، کد‌گذاری شده ‎‍است.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_28231_7968e2a6522de4524694078afd2621bc.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی 3041-8623 12 4 2023 12 22 Proportion of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) and Distribution of Employment in Iran بررسی تناسب میان آموزش و تربیت فنی و حرفه‌ای و توزیع اشتغال در ایران 73 100 28243 10.22108/srspi.2024.139146.1938 FA محمد خادمی کله لو استادیار گروه جامعه و پیشرفت، پژوهشکدۀ مطالعات فناوری ریاست جمهوری، تهران، ایران بهروز رحیمی پژوهشگر گروه جامعه و پیشرفت، پژوهشکدۀ مطالعات فناوری ریاست جمهوری، تهران، ایران 0000-0002-3926-6223 محمدجواد رحیمی پژوهشگر گروه جامعه و پیشرفت، پژوهشکدۀ مطالعات فناوری ریاست جمهوری، تهران، ایران Journal Article 2023 09 28 Introduction The transition of graduates from various levels of the education system, whether it be from schools or universities, into the labor market has become a significant concern in many countries. This concern arises from the realization that a rising unemployment rate, particularly among educated youth, can have numerous economic and social repercussions for societies. Extensive research conducted by the International Labor Organization (ILO) in 2019 and the CEDEFOP in 2020 has highlighted the critical role of the mismatch between Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) and the demands of the labor market in exacerbating the unemployment crisis in low and middle-income countries. Consequently, recognizing the importance of establishing a harmonious relationship between TVET and workforce employment within the labor market, this study aimed to address the following question: To what extent does a balance or imbalance exist between the representation of TVET and employment in the three key sectors of industry, services, and agriculture within the country? With this objective in mind, this research endeavored to provide an overview of the current state of affairs concerning the presence or absence of equilibrium between TVET and employment within the country, while also underscoring the necessity of revising the educational development process based on the requirements of the labor market within this particular educational subsystem. Materials and Methods The present study was an applied research conducted using a quantitative approach and employing a descriptive-analytical method. Secondary research methodology was utilized in this study. The statistical data sources for this study comprised registration statistics of graduates from technical and vocational high schools at the second level, individuals, who have acquired skills through informal training offered by the TVT Organization, as well as graduates from Technical and Vocational Universities and Comprehensive Scientific-Applied Universities during the academic year of 2019/20. These data were categorized according to industry, services, and agriculture clusters. Additionally, data from the labor force census plan in the academic year of 2019/20 were also incorporated. Sampling and data verification processes were conducted using a complete counting approach and all the recorded data were included in the analysis. To address the research questions, descriptive-fuzzy tests, such as averages and standard deviations, were employed, along with inferential tests, such as single-group t-tests, ANOVA, and the TOPSIS and TOPSIS-A methods for data analysis. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The research findings shed light on the current state of compatibility between employment and technical, vocational, and skill training within the sectors of industry, agriculture, and services of the country. Both the descriptive and fuzzy sections of the study revealed a lack of satisfactory alignment between training and employment nationwide with a significant mismatch observed across all three sectors. Specifically, the results indicated that mismatch existed in all clusters, with industry and agriculture experiencing a more pronounced disparity. The mismatch within the services and agriculture clusters primarily stemmed from a shortage of technical, vocational, and skill graduates in the fields related to these sectors. On the other hand, the imbalance within the industry cluster was attributed to an excess of technical, vocational, and skill training surpassing the demands of the labor market. This discrepancy characterized by a shortage of training in the services cluster and an oversupply of training in the industry cluster reflects a common characteristic of less developed societies. It stands in contrast to prevailing and future employment trends worldwide. Unquestionably, this trajectory will inevitably lead to a crisis of mismatch and a surge in unemployment in the country's labor market. In conclusion, the research findings underscored the urgent need to address the imbalance between training and employment in the country. A comprehensive review and revision of the education system, specifically tailored to meet labor market demands within this particular subsystem, are imperative. By aligning technical, vocational, and skill training with the evolving needs of industries in the country, the nation can navigate towards a more harmonious and prosperous labor market, thereby mitigating the risks associated with mismatch and unemployment in the future. هدف: در حال حاضر تناسب میان آموزش و تربیت فنی و حرفه‌ای و نیازمندی‌های بازار کار، دغدغۀ بسیاری از سیاست‌گذاران، کارفرمایان و همچنین افراد‌ جویای کاری به شمار می‌آید؛ زیرا تناسب میان این آموزش‌ها و نیاز بازار کار، نقش بسزایی در بهبود اشتغال نیروی انسانی دارد. در همین راستا پژوهش حاضر، با هدف بررسی تناسب میان سهم آموزش و تربیت فنی و حرفه‌ای و اشتغال نیروی انسانی در بخش‌های صنعت، خدمات و کشاورزی کشور انجام ‌شده است. روش: مطالعۀ حاضر در زمرۀ پژوهش‌های کاربردی قرار می‌گیرد که با رویکرد کمی، به روش توصیفی-تحلیلی و با استفاده از داده‌های ثانویه انجام شده است. فارغ‌التحصیلان هنرستان‌های فنی حرفه‌ای و کاردانش، مهارت‌آموختگان آموزش‌های غیررسمی سازمان آموزش فنی و حرفه‌ای، فارغ‌التحصیلان دانشگاه فنی و حرفه‌ای و جامع علمی-کاربردی و همچنین داده‌های وضعیت اشتغال بخش‌های صنعت، خدمات و کشاورزی کشور در سال 1398، جامعۀ آماری پژوهش حاضر را تشکیل داده‌اند. یافته‌ها: تجزیه‌وتحلیل داده‌ها حاکی از آن است که میان توزیع آموزش‌های فنی و حرفه‌ای و اشتغال در سه بخش صنعت، خدمات و کشاورزی‌ تناسب معناداری وجود ندارد. توزیع آموزش فنی و حرفه‌ای با اشتغال در خوشه‌های صنعت و خدمات، به ترتیب بیشترین و کمترین میزان‌ نبود تناسب‌ را دارند. همچنین میان رتبۀ استان‌ها در تناسب میان سهم آموزش‌های فنی و حرفه‌ای و شاغلان در خوشه‌های ‌بررسی‌شده، تفاوت معناداری وجود دارد؛ به این ترتیب که استان‌های اصفهان، سمنان و یزد، بیشترین میزان تناسب را دارند و استان‌های گیلان، کرمانشاه و کردستان، بیشترین‌ نبود تناسب را دارند. نتیجه‌گیری: نتایج پژوهش نشان می‌دهد که در حال حاضر میان توزیع آموزش‌های فنی و حرفه‌ای و اشتغال، نبود تناسب درخور توجهی وجود دارد که این امر چالش‌های بیکاری نیروی تحصیل‌کرده و مهارت‌آموخته، به‌ویژه در خوشۀ صنعت و کشاورزی را تشدید می‌کند.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_28243_6650d2ce0dbd87af92451f5197b18da1.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی 3041-8623 12 4 2023 12 22 Sociological Explanation of the Relationship between Cultural Intelligence and Social Tolerance among Baloch People تبیین جامعه‌شناختی رابطۀ هوش فرهنگی و مدارای اجتماعی بین قوم بلوچ 101 122 28332 10.22108/srspi.2024.140473.1968 FA سید صمد بهشتی استادیار، گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده علوم انسانی، دانشگاه یاسوج، یاسوج، ایران مسلم نراقی منش دانشجوی دکتری جامعه‏شناسی، بخش جامعه‏شناسی، دانشکده اقتصاد، مدیریت و علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه شیراز، شیراز، ایران سعادت نراقی منش کارشناس ارشد حقوق خصوصی، گروه حقوق، دانشگاه قشم، قشم، ایران Journal Article 2024 01 20 Introduction In recent years, the concept of cultural intelligence has emerged as a significant framework for understanding the skills and abilities necessary for successful interactions in a globalized world. Ang and Early (2003) define cultural intelligence as an individual's capacity to effectively engage with individuals from different cultural backgrounds. Similarly, Rose and Naresh (2008) describe it as the ability to adapt to unfamiliar cultural environments. Research demonstrates that immigrants often encounter challenges when adapting to new cultural surroundings, leading to issues, such as cultural conflicts and shock. This difficulty in adaptation can result in personal stress and hinder social integration. While some individuals effortlessly adjust their behaviors to fit new cultural contexts, others face obstacles that give rise to clashes and tensions, underscoring the significance of social tolerance. Tolerance plays a crucial role in addressing prejudices, fundamentalism, and conflicts, particularly in regions like Iran characterized by diverse cultural and ethnic backgrounds. Baloch people as an indigenous Iranian ethnicity residing in the southeastern part of Iran present an interesting case. Their religious differences from the majority of Iranians, as well as their proximity to Pakistan and increased interactions with that country, prompted the authors of this research to examine the extent to which cultural intelligence, as an individual's ability to adapt to other cultures, could influence the social tolerance of this population. Materials & Methods The present study employed a quantitative survey methodology to collect data. The target population consisted of individuals aged 15 years and above residing in the Baloch regions of Sistan and Baluchistan Province, which had a total population of 961,929 according to the 2015 census. To determine the sample size, Morgan's sampling table was utilized, resulting in a sample size of 384 individuals with a 5% margin of error. However, to ensure accuracy, 400 questionnaires were distributed. The research utilized a multi-stage cluster sampling technique. The data collection instrument consisted of a questionnaire divided into two sections. The first section focused on social tolerance and drew items from previous studies (Beheshti and Rostgar, 2012; Beheshti et al., 2018). The second section addressed cultural intelligence and employed Lin's standard cultural intelligence questionnaire. All items in the questionnaire were rated on a Likert scale with 5 response options. The construct validity of the questionnaire was assessed through the Average Variance of Extracted (AVE) and factor loadings, while the reliability of the questionnaire was evaluated using Cronbach's alpha coefficient. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings of this study revealed that social tolerance levels within the statistical sample were lower than the average spectrum, while cultural intelligence and its four dimensions demonstrated higher average responses compared to the spectrum. This difference was confirmed by the significant results of the T-test. Furthermore, the average social tolerance was lower than the spectrum average, a trend observed not only in the sample, but also in the broader statistical population with a high level of confidence. The t-test results for the two independent groups indicated that there was no significant disparity between men and women in terms of social tolerance, suggesting that the average cultural intelligence between genders was not significantly different. The research focused on social tolerance as the dependent variable, which was measured using a reflective measurement model. The SRMR index of 0.086 indicated that the assumed model aligned well with the research data. The F square coefficient (F2) of 0.348 represented the average effect size of the model. The beta value indicated that a one-unit change in the standard deviation of cultural intelligence resulted in a 0.509 change in that of social tolerance, indicating a positive relationship. The adjusted coefficient (R2 adjusted) was calculated at 0.257, suggesting that 25.7% of the variance in social tolerance could be attributed to cultural intelligence. Overall, the study demonstrated that higher cultural intelligence was associated with increased social tolerance towards diverse groups and issues. The results underscored the importance of enhancing cultural intelligence to address social problems arising from intolerance and lack of understanding, ultimately fostering greater unity among individuals. پژوهش حاضر، رابطۀ میان هوش فرهنگی و مدارای اجتماعی را بررسی کرده است. این تحقیق به روش کمی و به شیوۀ پیمایشی انجام شده است. جامعۀ آماری این پژوهش، تمام شهروندان بالای 15 سال قوم بلوچ در استان سیستان و بلوچستان‌اند که به شیوۀ نمونه‎‍گیری خوشه‎‍ای چند مرحله‎‍ای، 400 نفر از آنان انتخاب و پرسش‌نامه بین آنان توزیع شد. برای جمع‌آوری داده‎‍ها از پرسش‎‍نامۀ استاندارد هوش فرهنگی ارلی و انگ[1] (2003) و برای مدارای اجتماعی، از پرسش‎‍نامه‌ای استفاده شد که قبلاً در تحقیقات بهشتی و رستگار (1391) و بهشتی و همکاران (1398) از آن استفاده شده بود. برای تحلیل داده‌های تحقیق از نرم‌افزار SPSS و نیز مدل‌سازی معادلات ساختاری واریانس محور با نرم‌افزار Smart PLS استفاده شده است. یافته‌های این تحقیق نشان داد سطح هوش فرهنگی جامعۀ آماری بالاتر از سطح متوسط، ولی مدارای اجتماعی پایین‌تر از سطح متوسط است. میزان مدارای اجتماعی و هوش فرهنگی بین زنان و مردان تفاوتی ندارد. هوش فرهنگی اثری استاندارد به‌شدت 0.509بر مدارای اجتماعی دارد و حدوداً 26درصد از واریانس متغیر مدارای اجتماعی را تبیین می‌کند. در‌واقع کسانی که بیشتر امکان انطباق با دیگر فرهنگ‌ها را دارند و مایل به پذیرفتن دیگران با ویژگی‌های متفاوت‌اند، بهتر با دیگران سازگاری دارند و در تعاملات خود جانب مدارا را رعایت می‌کنند. [1] Earley and Ang

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_28332_efbd040c386cf2d8939000a621511bd4.pdf

دانشگاه اصفهان پژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی 3041-8623 12 4 2023 12 22 Social Relations and Interpersonal Dialogue among Couples: A Study in the City of Yazd Based on the Grounded Theory شبکۀ روابط اجتماعی و گفت‌وگومندی زوجین: یک مطالعۀ زمینه‌ای در شهر یزد 123 152 28387 10.22108/srspi.2024.139782.1956 FA لیدا هاتفی راد دکتری جامعه‌شناسی مسائل اجتماعی ایران، گروه تعاون و رفاه اجتماعی، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران مهربان پارسامهر دانشیار، گروه جامعه‌شناسی توسعه، دانشکدۀ علوم انسانی و اجتماعی، دانشگاه مازندران، مازندران، ایران علی روحانی دانشیار، گروه تعاون و رفاه اجتماعی، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایران Journal Article 2023 11 15 Introduction The family as the most significant and fundamental social institution exerts direct and profound influences on other societal institutions. It assumes distinct roles and functions and addresses a range of human needs. Central to family life and functioning are the relationships among family members. Communication serves as the foundation through which families define themselves and members acquire the skills to navigate shared meanings (Miller, 2017). Consequently, communication and interactions between family members emerge as crucial characteristics within any family unit. When communication is positive and effective, it ensures the overall well-being of the family and, in turn, contributes to the health of society as a whole. Effective communication skills encompass both verbal and nonverbal elements with effective verbal and conversational skills occupying a significant role in marital communication. Furthermore, communication within the family, like any other form of dialogue, is influenced by cultural and social contexts. Dialogue, in fact, not only stems from an individual's background and social network, but also shapes the formation of future relationships and interactions. As per Michel's definition, a social network comprises unique connections among a specific group of individuals. These connections collectively provide insights into the social behavior exhibited by the individuals involved (Mitchel, 1999). Therefore, recognizing the pivotal role played by tradition, culture, and social backgrounds in fostering interactions and dialogues between couples, this research aimed to comprehend the process of dialogue formation within the context of couples' social relations. Materials and Methods This research aimed to elucidate the process of dialogue formation within the context of social relations. An interpretive paradigm and qualitative methodology were employed. Specifically, a grounded theory approach utilizing Strauss and Corbin's objectivist perspective was adopted as the primary methodological framework. The sample selection followed a purposive and theoretical sampling technique with the goal of achieving data saturation. A total of 31 couples from normal families in Yazd were chosen as participants. In-depth interviews served as the primary method of data collection. With participants' consent, the interviews were recorded and each session lasted between 70 and 180 minutes. The data analysis utilized the theoretical coding method, which facilitated the development of the grounded theory. All recorded interviews were transcribed into text and the analysis process occurred concurrently with data collection. Following Strauss and Corbin’s method, line-by-line analysis was conducted for open-coding, leading to the development of concepts and categories and construction of the grounded theory's foundation. Ultimately, a research paradigm model was formulated. To ensure the validity of the findings, measures, such as prolonged engagement, peer review, negative case analysis, member checking, and detailed description were employed. Discussion of Results and Conclusion This study aimed to elucidate the role of the social network in shaping and influencing dialogue within Yazdi families. The collected data were subjected to open, axial, and selective coding, resulting in the identification of 22 main categories and 63 secondary categories. These categories collectively contributed to the core category of "dialogue emerging from the social network". The research presented a paradigm model and theoretical framework based on these findings. The overall analysis of the results demonstrated that dialogue was a product of the social relationships that the couples had experienced across various domains, spanning from the past to the present. The sociocultural context, particularly within the family, held the greatest influence on the individuals by establishing either a democratic or authoritarian environment. Additionally, friendship groups, educational and occupational systems, and the living environment all played significant roles in shaping interactions and dialogue within the family. When confronted with the impact of this social network, the individuals tended to react in two distinct ways. Some individuals accepted these influences without critical evaluation, implementing them within their family dynamics. However, this approach often led to dissatisfaction within the contemporary family structure due to the changing dynamics of today's society. On the other hand, certain individuals equipped with an awareness of various factors, social changes, and established principles for building relationships engaged in a thoughtful reconsideration of the effects of their past experiences within the family and different social environments. These individuals actively strived to enhance interactions within their current family and effectively managed their familial relationships. با توجه به اینکه بستر اجتماعی که افراد در آن رشد یافته‌اند، در نحوۀ برقراری تعاملات در خانواده‌ها نقش مهمی دارد، پژوهش حاضر بر آن است تا نقش شبکۀ روابط اجتماعی را در چگونگی شکل‌گیری و وضعیت گفت‌و‌گو در خانواده‌های یزدی تبیین کند. بر این اساس، از روش‌شناسی کیفی و روش نظریۀ زمینه‎‍ای به کار گرفته و با استفاده از نمونه‌گیری نظری، از 31 نفر از زوجین خانواده‎‍های متعارف شهر یزد مصاحبۀ عمیق انجام شد؛ سپس اطلاعات گردآوری‌شده با استفاده از کدگذاری باز، محوری و گزینشی تحلیل و در قالب 63 مقولۀ فرعی و 22 مقولۀ اصلی دسته‌بندی شد. درنهایت یک مقولۀ هسته‎‍ای با عنوان «گفت‌وگو؛ برآیندی از شبکۀ روابط اجتماعی» ارائه شد؛ سپس مدل پارادایمی و طرح‌وارۀ نظری تحقیق ارائه گردید. به‌طور کلی تبیین نتایج نشان می‌دهد که گفت‌وگو برآیندی از روابط اجتماعی است که زوجین در عرصه‌های گوناگون از گذشته تا به امروز تجربه کرده‌اند. بسترهای فرهنگی و اجتماعی، ازجمله خانوادۀ مبدأ با ایجاد بسترهایی دموکراتیک یا اقتدارگرایانه، بیشترین تأثیرگذاری را بر افراد دارد و پس از آن، گروه‌های دوستی، سیستم تحصیلی، شغلی و محیط زندگی افراد در شکل‌گیری تعاملات و گفت‌و‌گو در خانواده، نقش مهمی دارند و آن‌ را تحت تأثیر قرار می‌‌دهند

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_28387_518c985e7fdbcbad34398e263d62303d.pdf