University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 13 3 2024 09 22 Designing a Paradigmatic Model of Child Marriage in Bandar Abbas City Designing a Paradigmatic Model of Child Marriage in Bandar Abbas City 1 26 28735 10.22108/srspi.2024.140860.1982 FA Mehdieh Moradi M.A. in Social Sciences Research, Department of Social Science, Faculty of Humanities, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran Yaser Rastergar Associate professor in Sociology, Department of Social Science, Faculty of Humanities, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran Mostafa Zahirinia Associate professor in Sociology, Department of Social Science, Faculty of Humanities, University of Hormozgan, Bandar Abbas, Iran Journal Article 2024 04 10 Introduction Child marriage, regardless of gender, refers to the marriage of individuals under the age of 18. Recognized as a violation of fundamental human rights, child marriage is condemned by various international conventions, treaties, and agreements, including the Convention on the Rights of the Child. While both girls and boys can experience early marriage, the harsh reality is that the consequences are far more severe for girls. Female child spouses are particularly vulnerable to partner violence, mental health issues, and limited decision-making power due to the inherent power imbalances in these relationships. Child marriage is linked to a range of adverse economic, socio-cultural, and psychological outcomes, contributing to lower socio-economic status and higher poverty rates among child spouses. Moreover, intergenerational patterns of early marriage perpetuate this cycle. Girls affected by child marriage often find themselves dependent on others, lacking significant decision-making power, which diminishes their quality of life. Additionally, without the necessary skills and abilities, these girls struggle to become active contributors to society. As a result, we witness a decline in human capital and a decrease in women's participation, ultimately diminishing the role of women in society. Materials & Methods This study employed a qualitative research method grounded in an interpretive paradigm. The implementation strategy followed the systematic contextual theory as outlined by Strauss and Corbin. The focus of this research was on girls affected by child marriage in Bandar Abbas City. Sampling was conducted using theoretical and purposive techniques. Through purposive sampling, the researchers intentionally engaged with individuals, who possessed adequate knowledge and insight related to the phenomenon under investigation. The sampling process continued until theoretical saturation was reached, meaning no new information emerged during interviews. Ultimately, 21 girls, who were married before the age of 18, were selected for participation. Interviews lasted between 40 minutes to 1 hour, depending on the depth of the participants' responses. Data collection involved in-depth, semi-structured interviews, which were analyzed using a 3-step coding approach: open, axial, and selective coding. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings of this research revealed that one of the most significant aspects of child marriage was the presence of binding structures within marriage traditions. These frameworks rooted in epistemological, value-based, and cultural foundations shaped the meanings associated with marriage, the perceived value of marriage, and the roles of gender and femininity. These concepts had been institutionalized through customary, religious, and cultural structures. Religious frameworks played a crucial role in reinforcing these binding structures as the beliefs of families and previous generations elevated the sanctity of marriage. Within this context, children often adhered to established traditions and familial obligations, accepting them without resistance due to deeply ingrained religious values. Ultimately, the interplay of customary and cultural norms, parental authority, gender stereotypes, and social pressures contributed to the prevalence of early marriage among these girls. The economic and livelihood challenges faced by families were significant factors contributing to the phenomenon of child marriage. Many girls grew up in financially disadvantaged households, struggling with issues related to welfare and education. In their pursuit of improved economic conditions and to meet financial needs, some girls had resorted to marriage as a solution. Additionally, many child brides harbored idealized and romantic notions of marriage, believing that these dreams would materialize once they were married. Field studies on child marriage revealed that, contrary to the initial assumption that this issue predominantly affected impoverished families, it also occurred among those with average economic status and even among families with higher incomes. While structural poverty and economic challenges were critical factors underlying child marriage in Bandar Abbas, the issue could not be solely attributed to financial circumstances. This research posited that the mechanisms driving child marriage extended beyond economic factors, delving into the deeper cultural, religious, and gender stereotypes that shaped perceptions of gender and marriage. These underlying influences were rooted in cognitive and linguistic foundations that defined the meanings associated with sex and marriage. Introduction Child marriage, regardless of gender, refers to the marriage of individuals under the age of 18. Recognized as a violation of fundamental human rights, child marriage is condemned by various international conventions, treaties, and agreements, including the Convention on the Rights of the Child. While both girls and boys can experience early marriage, the harsh reality is that the consequences are far more severe for girls. Female child spouses are particularly vulnerable to partner violence, mental health issues, and limited decision-making power due to the inherent power imbalances in these relationships. Child marriage is linked to a range of adverse economic, socio-cultural, and psychological outcomes, contributing to lower socio-economic status and higher poverty rates among child spouses. Moreover, intergenerational patterns of early marriage perpetuate this cycle. Girls affected by child marriage often find themselves dependent on others, lacking significant decision-making power, which diminishes their quality of life. Additionally, without the necessary skills and abilities, these girls struggle to become active contributors to society. As a result, we witness a decline in human capital and a decrease in women's participation, ultimately diminishing the role of women in society. Materials & Methods This study employed a qualitative research method grounded in an interpretive paradigm. The implementation strategy followed the systematic contextual theory as outlined by Strauss and Corbin. The focus of this research was on girls affected by child marriage in Bandar Abbas City. Sampling was conducted using theoretical and purposive techniques. Through purposive sampling, the researchers intentionally engaged with individuals, who possessed adequate knowledge and insight related to the phenomenon under investigation. The sampling process continued until theoretical saturation was reached, meaning no new information emerged during interviews. Ultimately, 21 girls, who were married before the age of 18, were selected for participation. Interviews lasted between 40 minutes to 1 hour, depending on the depth of the participants' responses. Data collection involved in-depth, semi-structured interviews, which were analyzed using a 3-step coding approach: open, axial, and selective coding. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings of this research revealed that one of the most significant aspects of child marriage was the presence of binding structures within marriage traditions. These frameworks rooted in epistemological, value-based, and cultural foundations shaped the meanings associated with marriage, the perceived value of marriage, and the roles of gender and femininity. These concepts had been institutionalized through customary, religious, and cultural structures. Religious frameworks played a crucial role in reinforcing these binding structures as the beliefs of families and previous generations elevated the sanctity of marriage. Within this context, children often adhered to established traditions and familial obligations, accepting them without resistance due to deeply ingrained religious values. Ultimately, the interplay of customary and cultural norms, parental authority, gender stereotypes, and social pressures contributed to the prevalence of early marriage among these girls. The economic and livelihood challenges faced by families were significant factors contributing to the phenomenon of child marriage. Many girls grew up in financially disadvantaged households, struggling with issues related to welfare and education. In their pursuit of improved economic conditions and to meet financial needs, some girls had resorted to marriage as a solution. Additionally, many child brides harbored idealized and romantic notions of marriage, believing that these dreams would materialize once they were married. Field studies on child marriage revealed that, contrary to the initial assumption that this issue predominantly affected impoverished families, it also occurred among those with average economic status and even among families with higher incomes. While structural poverty and economic challenges were critical factors underlying child marriage in Bandar Abbas, the issue could not be solely attributed to financial circumstances. This research posited that the mechanisms driving child marriage extended beyond economic factors, delving into the deeper cultural, religious, and gender stereotypes that shaped perceptions of gender and marriage. These underlying influences were rooted in cognitive and linguistic foundations that defined the meanings associated with sex and marriage.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_28735_2674a76b8300f8ac54bd9d031a9c1895.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 13 3 2024 09 22 Exploring Religiosity among the Educated Generation of the 70s in Yazd City: A Qualitative Study Exploring Religiosity among the Educated Generation of the 70s in Yazd City: A Qualitative Study 27 50 28719 10.22108/srspi.2024.141378.1994 FA Ahmad Kalateh Sadati Associate professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Asal Razavi Ph.D. student, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Science, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Journal Article 2024 05 05 Introduction Religion continues to be a vital human institution, adapting and thriving despite significant changes in its social roles. Contrary to classical sociological predictions of religious decline, the latter half of the 20th century saw a resurgence of faith, especially in Western Europe and America. For example, Protestantism in the United States has experienced considerable growth, with a multitude of denominations emerging. Projections indicate that by 2025, Christianity and Islam will have approximately 2.7 billion and 1.97 billion adherents, respectively, with Islam recognized as the fastest-growing religion worldwide, boasting a growth rate of 1.84% from 2000 to 2013. While institutional religion may be diminishing in Western societies, personal and private expressions of spirituality are on the rise. Research suggests that perceived hypocrisy within religious communities can lead to disbelief and apostasy. However, theories of secularization have not fully captured the complexities of this transformation. In contrast, Islam is experiencing growth in many societies although the nature of this expansion remains largely unexplored. In Iran, generational shifts in religious beliefs and practices—shaped by globalization and modernity—have created a notable divergence between the values of youth and those of their parents. This study aimed to examine the religious experiences and interpretations of young people from religious families, particularly within the context of Yazd. Materials & Methods This study conducted in 2023 in Yazd City employed qualitative research to explore the religiosity of the educated generation born in the 1990s. Utilizing thematic analysis based on the 6-phase framework developed by Braun and Clarke (2006), the research involved semi-structured interviews with 15 young adults aged 24 to 32, all from religious families. Participants were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling to ensure a diverse representation of educational backgrounds and social statuses. Interviews took place in university settings and cafes, lasting between 20 to 30 minutes each, and were recorded for subsequent analysis. The researchers transcribed the interviews, identified key concepts, and generated initial codes. These codes were linked to develop sub-themes, which were then refined into main themes. The final analysis adhered to ethical considerations, ensuring participant confidentiality throughout the process. To validate the findings, the study applied the criteria established by Lincoln and Guba (1985), focusing on credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Member checks were performed by re-interviewing 5 participants to assess the accuracy of the findings. This study aimed to investigate the differences in religiosity between this educated generation and their parents with particular emphasis on the experiences of women, who had encountered unique challenges within religious families. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The study highlighted that participants faced significant religious conflicts with their families, primarily stemming from the traditional values upheld by the older generation and the shifting perspectives of the younger generation. This generational tension is particularly pronounced in religious families, where established beliefs clash with the emerging secular and humanistic values of youth. These conflicts often arise in the context of rapid societal changes, especially the transition from traditional to modern society, where digital technologies and social media play a pivotal role. The generational gap is further widened by differences in beliefs, values, and lifestyles, leading to misunderstandings and strained relationships between parents and their children. The study identified 4 key themes: generational transformation, value chaos, religious dissent, and dynamics of resistance and acceptance. The individual and social experiences of the younger generation significantly diverged from those of their parents, resulting in a broader generational shift. This transformation was influenced by the transition to modern society, where digital and technological advancements created new opportunities and challenges, fueling everyday conflicts and misunderstandings between generations. Additionally, the study emphasized the role of social status in generational conflict. Young people were increasingly striving for material success and social recognition, which starkly contrasted with the focus of older generation on traditional and religious values. This shift had led to a disconnection between the generations, with younger individuals often feeling misunderstood and unsupported by their parents, particularly regarding their views on religion and lifestyle choices. Participants in the study frequently expressed frustration with their parents' inability to understand or accept their evolving values and perspectives. The findings also indicated that younger individuals were more adaptable and less reliant on traditional structures, often turning to new media for information and social interaction, which further distanced them from their parents. In conclusion, while the younger generation was shifting toward more secular and individualistic values, the older generation struggled to adapt to these changes. Over time, some parents might begin to accept their children's new beliefs, but this process was often slow and met with resistance. The study underscored the importance of dialogue and understanding between generations to bridge the gap and foster mutual respect and acceptance. Introduction Religion continues to be a vital human institution, adapting and thriving despite significant changes in its social roles. Contrary to classical sociological predictions of religious decline, the latter half of the 20th century saw a resurgence of faith, especially in Western Europe and America. For example, Protestantism in the United States has experienced considerable growth, with a multitude of denominations emerging. Projections indicate that by 2025, Christianity and Islam will have approximately 2.7 billion and 1.97 billion adherents, respectively, with Islam recognized as the fastest-growing religion worldwide, boasting a growth rate of 1.84% from 2000 to 2013. While institutional religion may be diminishing in Western societies, personal and private expressions of spirituality are on the rise. Research suggests that perceived hypocrisy within religious communities can lead to disbelief and apostasy. However, theories of secularization have not fully captured the complexities of this transformation. In contrast, Islam is experiencing growth in many societies although the nature of this expansion remains largely unexplored. In Iran, generational shifts in religious beliefs and practices—shaped by globalization and modernity—have created a notable divergence between the values of youth and those of their parents. This study aimed to examine the religious experiences and interpretations of young people from religious families, particularly within the context of Yazd. Materials & Methods This study conducted in 2023 in Yazd City employed qualitative research to explore the religiosity of the educated generation born in the 1990s. Utilizing thematic analysis based on the 6-phase framework developed by Braun and Clarke (2006), the research involved semi-structured interviews with 15 young adults aged 24 to 32, all from religious families. Participants were selected through purposive and theoretical sampling to ensure a diverse representation of educational backgrounds and social statuses. Interviews took place in university settings and cafes, lasting between 20 to 30 minutes each, and were recorded for subsequent analysis. The researchers transcribed the interviews, identified key concepts, and generated initial codes. These codes were linked to develop sub-themes, which were then refined into main themes. The final analysis adhered to ethical considerations, ensuring participant confidentiality throughout the process. To validate the findings, the study applied the criteria established by Lincoln and Guba (1985), focusing on credibility, transferability, dependability, and confirmability. Member checks were performed by re-interviewing 5 participants to assess the accuracy of the findings. This study aimed to investigate the differences in religiosity between this educated generation and their parents with particular emphasis on the experiences of women, who had encountered unique challenges within religious families. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The study highlighted that participants faced significant religious conflicts with their families, primarily stemming from the traditional values upheld by the older generation and the shifting perspectives of the younger generation. This generational tension is particularly pronounced in religious families, where established beliefs clash with the emerging secular and humanistic values of youth. These conflicts often arise in the context of rapid societal changes, especially the transition from traditional to modern society, where digital technologies and social media play a pivotal role. The generational gap is further widened by differences in beliefs, values, and lifestyles, leading to misunderstandings and strained relationships between parents and their children. The study identified 4 key themes: generational transformation, value chaos, religious dissent, and dynamics of resistance and acceptance. The individual and social experiences of the younger generation significantly diverged from those of their parents, resulting in a broader generational shift. This transformation was influenced by the transition to modern society, where digital and technological advancements created new opportunities and challenges, fueling everyday conflicts and misunderstandings between generations. Additionally, the study emphasized the role of social status in generational conflict. Young people were increasingly striving for material success and social recognition, which starkly contrasted with the focus of older generation on traditional and religious values. This shift had led to a disconnection between the generations, with younger individuals often feeling misunderstood and unsupported by their parents, particularly regarding their views on religion and lifestyle choices. Participants in the study frequently expressed frustration with their parents' inability to understand or accept their evolving values and perspectives. The findings also indicated that younger individuals were more adaptable and less reliant on traditional structures, often turning to new media for information and social interaction, which further distanced them from their parents. In conclusion, while the younger generation was shifting toward more secular and individualistic values, the older generation struggled to adapt to these changes. Over time, some parents might begin to accept their children's new beliefs, but this process was often slow and met with resistance. The study underscored the importance of dialogue and understanding between generations to bridge the gap and foster mutual respect and acceptance.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_28719_1a5267f5c2481f85b26f490f3ab126a3.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 13 3 2024 09 22 Investigating Factors Affecting Social Indifference among Female Teachers and Strategies for Mitigation Investigating Factors Affecting Social Indifference among Female Teachers and Strategies for Mitigation 51 78 28780 10.22108/srspi.2024.140300.1965 FA Azam Khatibi Associate professor in Sociology, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran Masoome Zand M.A., Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 01 13 Introduction Social indifference refers to a condition where individuals consciously disregard environmental, human, and social issues, as well as the broader dynamics of social life. Research has indicated that social indifference can foster a profound sense of emptiness among individuals in society (Ahmadi and Majidi, 2012, p. 340). This study aimed to explore the factors contributing to social indifference among teachers in Feminine City and to identify strategies for mitigating this issue. The theories of Simmer, Durkheim, Parsons, and Merton provided the theoretical framework for this investigation. Durkheim posits that anomie arises during periods of abrupt economic stagnation or rapid growth. This disintegration of social norms coupled with unfulfilled desires leads to a state of perpetual social dissatisfaction (Rafipour, 2010, p. 18). It is this social dissatisfaction that serves as a critical driver of social indifference (Mohsani Tabrizi and Sedaghati Fard, 2012, p. 6). According to Parsons, one key variable in his model is the distinction between passivity and activism. Passivity often results in an acceptance of the status quo, diminishing willpower and fostering a sense of indifference. This can lead to a lack of desire for change and engagement (Tavassoli, 2003, p. 243). In Merton's theory of structural strain, social indifference is analyzed in conjunction with isolation and a lack of participation. Merton posits that in a fragmented system, individuals struggle to identify their own goals, as well as the goals of society. Consequently, they may reject societal objectives and the means to achieve them, leading to a state of contradiction. This results in feelings of frustration and defeat, ultimately leading to isolation and indifference (Merton, 1964, pp. 40-41). In light of these theories, the primary focus of this research was the social indifference observed among teachers. The central questions guiding this study were as follows: What is the level of social indifference among teachers in Feminine City? What factors contribute to this indifference? And what strategies can be implemented to mitigate it? Materials & Methods This study employed a descriptive-analytical research method, utilizing a survey approach. A simple random sampling technique was used to select participants with the data collected through a researcher-developed questionnaire. The unit of analysis was the individual and the sample size consisted of 108 participants determined through simple random sampling. The validity of the questionnaire was established through its formal content, while its reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, yielding a score of over 70% with the aid of SPSS software (version 23). Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings indicated that teachers experienced moderate levels of social indifference, social alienation, and social responsibility, while their social satisfaction was notably low. Specifically, the results revealed that social satisfaction (β = -0.657) and social responsibility (β = -0.609) negatively impacted social indifference, whereas social alienation (β = 0.594) had a positive effect. Interestingly, neither socio-economic status nor age appeared to influence levels of social indifference. Stepwise regression analysis identified social satisfaction as the first variable to enter the model followed by social alienation and then social responsibility. Conversely, age and socio-economic status were not included in the analysis. Additionally, 36.1% of teachers identified that prioritizing economic stability and addressing their welfare rights were the most significant solutions for reducing indifference towards societal issues. A total of 26.9% of participants reported efforts to maintain their respect and dignity while enhancing their social standing. Additionally, 25% emphasized the importance of scientific ranking and 13% expressed their desire to participate in significant and decisive decisions related to education and society. To reduce social alienation, it is crucial to involve teachers in social, educational, and political planning and decision-making processes. Such involvement can help alleviate feelings of social alienation and lay the groundwork for diminishing social indifference. Addressing both material and non-material needs can enhance teachers' quality of life, reduce poverty and discrimination, and ultimately increase their social satisfaction. By fostering a more engaged and fulfilled teaching community, we can further mitigate their indifference toward societal issues. Introduction Social indifference refers to a condition where individuals consciously disregard environmental, human, and social issues, as well as the broader dynamics of social life. Research has indicated that social indifference can foster a profound sense of emptiness among individuals in society (Ahmadi and Majidi, 2012, p. 340). This study aimed to explore the factors contributing to social indifference among teachers in Feminine City and to identify strategies for mitigating this issue. The theories of Simmer, Durkheim, Parsons, and Merton provided the theoretical framework for this investigation. Durkheim posits that anomie arises during periods of abrupt economic stagnation or rapid growth. This disintegration of social norms coupled with unfulfilled desires leads to a state of perpetual social dissatisfaction (Rafipour, 2010, p. 18). It is this social dissatisfaction that serves as a critical driver of social indifference (Mohsani Tabrizi and Sedaghati Fard, 2012, p. 6). According to Parsons, one key variable in his model is the distinction between passivity and activism. Passivity often results in an acceptance of the status quo, diminishing willpower and fostering a sense of indifference. This can lead to a lack of desire for change and engagement (Tavassoli, 2003, p. 243). In Merton's theory of structural strain, social indifference is analyzed in conjunction with isolation and a lack of participation. Merton posits that in a fragmented system, individuals struggle to identify their own goals, as well as the goals of society. Consequently, they may reject societal objectives and the means to achieve them, leading to a state of contradiction. This results in feelings of frustration and defeat, ultimately leading to isolation and indifference (Merton, 1964, pp. 40-41). In light of these theories, the primary focus of this research was the social indifference observed among teachers. The central questions guiding this study were as follows: What is the level of social indifference among teachers in Feminine City? What factors contribute to this indifference? And what strategies can be implemented to mitigate it? Materials & Methods This study employed a descriptive-analytical research method, utilizing a survey approach. A simple random sampling technique was used to select participants with the data collected through a researcher-developed questionnaire. The unit of analysis was the individual and the sample size consisted of 108 participants determined through simple random sampling. The validity of the questionnaire was established through its formal content, while its reliability was assessed using Cronbach's alpha, yielding a score of over 70% with the aid of SPSS software (version 23). Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings indicated that teachers experienced moderate levels of social indifference, social alienation, and social responsibility, while their social satisfaction was notably low. Specifically, the results revealed that social satisfaction (β = -0.657) and social responsibility (β = -0.609) negatively impacted social indifference, whereas social alienation (β = 0.594) had a positive effect. Interestingly, neither socio-economic status nor age appeared to influence levels of social indifference. Stepwise regression analysis identified social satisfaction as the first variable to enter the model followed by social alienation and then social responsibility. Conversely, age and socio-economic status were not included in the analysis. Additionally, 36.1% of teachers identified that prioritizing economic stability and addressing their welfare rights were the most significant solutions for reducing indifference towards societal issues. A total of 26.9% of participants reported efforts to maintain their respect and dignity while enhancing their social standing. Additionally, 25% emphasized the importance of scientific ranking and 13% expressed their desire to participate in significant and decisive decisions related to education and society. To reduce social alienation, it is crucial to involve teachers in social, educational, and political planning and decision-making processes. Such involvement can help alleviate feelings of social alienation and lay the groundwork for diminishing social indifference. Addressing both material and non-material needs can enhance teachers' quality of life, reduce poverty and discrimination, and ultimately increase their social satisfaction. By fostering a more engaged and fulfilled teaching community, we can further mitigate their indifference toward societal issues.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_28780_89c57c0bbe8c1d6d2e81a8d82d1f9d84.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 13 3 2024 09 22 Structural Analysis of Strategies to Deal with Violent Robberies in Khuzestan Province Using MIC MAC Software Structural Analysis of Strategies to Deal with Violent Robberies in Khuzestan Province Using MIC MAC Software 79 104 28783 10.22108/srspi.2024.142189.2017 FA Ali Boudaghi Assistant professor in Sociology, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Journal Article 2024 07 20 Introduction In today's world, crime poses a significant challenge to development. The high incidence of crimes, particularly violent robberies, directly affects the sense of security and well-being of individuals, presenting serious obstacles to growth and progress. Recent trends indicate that violent crimes, such as robberies, are a pressing issue in Iran and Khuzestan Province is no exception. With a population of approximately 5 million people across 29 cities, Khuzestan experiences a rate of violent crimes that exceeds the national average, warranting focused attention. A review of existing studies reveals that, despite the serious repercussions of robberies in Khuzestan, effective strategies to address violent crimes have not been thoroughly identified or prioritized. Therefore, the primary objective of this research was to identify and rank strategies for combating violent robberies in Khuzestan Province. Materials & Methods This study employed a qualitative research design for practical purposes and adopted a cross-sectional approach regarding both timing and data collection methods. Given the nature and objectives of the research, we utilized a qualitative methodology alongside an interpretive structural modeling approach. The participants comprised 33 key informants from Khuzestan Province, including faculty members from the Departments of Economics, Sociology, and Psychology at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, as well as senior law enforcement experts in the region. Participants were selected through purposeful sampling, adhering to the principle of theoretical saturation. Data collection was conducted using semi-structured interviews and the findings were analyzed and ranked utilizing MicMac software. Discussion of Results & Conclusion In any society, the occurrence of crimes, particularly violent robberies, incurs significant costs for both communities and individuals, necessitating an immediate response and collaboration among all responsible institutions. Identifying and prioritizing solutions to address violent robberies through the cooperation and synergy of these institutions allow for a more scientific approach to combating violent crime, enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of law enforcement. The findings of this research indicated that addressing violent crimes relied on several key strategies. These included decisive action by the judiciary against perpetrators of violent robberies, ensuring quick and easy access to crime detection systems and implementing training programs for new strategies to confront robbers. Other important measures involved engaging expert guidance, promoting effective urban design and planning, strengthening inter-agency collaboration, and enhancing police relationships with executive bodies. Additionally, strategies, such as creating jobs, expanding police authority within legal frameworks, amending relevant laws, and empowering employees economically and psychologically, were crucial. Public education and awareness campaigns through mass media, enhancing visible and covert surveillance in high-crime areas, prioritizing specialization and meritocracy in recruitment, and increasing community involvement in addressing violent crimes were all essential steps. Moreover, it was vital to hold executive bodies accountable for their roles in this effort. The results also indicated that the most important solutions for addressing violent robberies in Khuzestan Province included the following: 1) prevention of drug addiction, 2) economic and psychological empowerment of human resources, 3) strengthening both visible and covert surveillance in crime-prone areas, 4) strict action by the judiciary against criminals, 5) preventing and addressing the importation of weapons into the country, and 6) educating and informing the public. Overall, based on the findings of this research, the following recommendations are made to combat violent robberies in Khuzestan Province: 1) enhancing the psychological and economic well-being of the police through improved support and practical training programs, 2) promoting public surveillance, increasing regular police patrols, and installing CCTV cameras in high-crime areas, 3) adopting a decisive approach by the judiciary towards offenders, 4) fostering job creation and improving business opportunities in Khuzestan Province, and 5) monitoring and addressing drug addiction rates among the youth. Introduction In today's world, crime poses a significant challenge to development. The high incidence of crimes, particularly violent robberies, directly affects the sense of security and well-being of individuals, presenting serious obstacles to growth and progress. Recent trends indicate that violent crimes, such as robberies, are a pressing issue in Iran and Khuzestan Province is no exception. With a population of approximately 5 million people across 29 cities, Khuzestan experiences a rate of violent crimes that exceeds the national average, warranting focused attention. A review of existing studies reveals that, despite the serious repercussions of robberies in Khuzestan, effective strategies to address violent crimes have not been thoroughly identified or prioritized. Therefore, the primary objective of this research was to identify and rank strategies for combating violent robberies in Khuzestan Province. Materials & Methods This study employed a qualitative research design for practical purposes and adopted a cross-sectional approach regarding both timing and data collection methods. Given the nature and objectives of the research, we utilized a qualitative methodology alongside an interpretive structural modeling approach. The participants comprised 33 key informants from Khuzestan Province, including faculty members from the Departments of Economics, Sociology, and Psychology at Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, as well as senior law enforcement experts in the region. Participants were selected through purposeful sampling, adhering to the principle of theoretical saturation. Data collection was conducted using semi-structured interviews and the findings were analyzed and ranked utilizing MicMac software. Discussion of Results & Conclusion In any society, the occurrence of crimes, particularly violent robberies, incurs significant costs for both communities and individuals, necessitating an immediate response and collaboration among all responsible institutions. Identifying and prioritizing solutions to address violent robberies through the cooperation and synergy of these institutions allow for a more scientific approach to combating violent crime, enhancing the efficiency and effectiveness of law enforcement. The findings of this research indicated that addressing violent crimes relied on several key strategies. These included decisive action by the judiciary against perpetrators of violent robberies, ensuring quick and easy access to crime detection systems and implementing training programs for new strategies to confront robbers. Other important measures involved engaging expert guidance, promoting effective urban design and planning, strengthening inter-agency collaboration, and enhancing police relationships with executive bodies. Additionally, strategies, such as creating jobs, expanding police authority within legal frameworks, amending relevant laws, and empowering employees economically and psychologically, were crucial. Public education and awareness campaigns through mass media, enhancing visible and covert surveillance in high-crime areas, prioritizing specialization and meritocracy in recruitment, and increasing community involvement in addressing violent crimes were all essential steps. Moreover, it was vital to hold executive bodies accountable for their roles in this effort. The results also indicated that the most important solutions for addressing violent robberies in Khuzestan Province included the following: 1) prevention of drug addiction, 2) economic and psychological empowerment of human resources, 3) strengthening both visible and covert surveillance in crime-prone areas, 4) strict action by the judiciary against criminals, 5) preventing and addressing the importation of weapons into the country, and 6) educating and informing the public. Overall, based on the findings of this research, the following recommendations are made to combat violent robberies in Khuzestan Province: 1) enhancing the psychological and economic well-being of the police through improved support and practical training programs, 2) promoting public surveillance, increasing regular police patrols, and installing CCTV cameras in high-crime areas, 3) adopting a decisive approach by the judiciary towards offenders, 4) fostering job creation and improving business opportunities in Khuzestan Province, and 5) monitoring and addressing drug addiction rates among the youth.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_28783_d45a55ac9a06c0d522d8cbec24b14c71.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 13 3 2024 09 22 From Feelings of Systemic Rejection to Challenges of Separation: A Study of Migration from Sistan-Baluchistan to Yazd From Feelings of Systemic Rejection to Challenges of Separation: A Study of Migration from Sistan-Baluchistan to Yazd 105 130 28983 10.22108/srspi.2024.142402.2022 FA Mahnaz Farahmand Associate professor of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Zeinab Saboohi Golkar Ph.D. student in Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Mohammad Naser Paknejad Ph.D. student in Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Yazd University, Yazd, Iran Journal Article 2024 08 10 Introduction The contemporary world is characterized by continuous and extensive events and transformations. Among these, the geographic mobility of people stands out as one of the most significant aspects of human history. Humans are inherently migratory and migration has formed a persistent thread throughout our past. This phenomenon, whether on a macro or micro level, is complex and multifaceted; it cannot be attributed to a single cause or explained by a mere combination of theories. Rather, a variety of factors collectively drive individuals or groups to migrate. In recent years, Yazd has emerged as an industrial hub in central Iran. The abundance of job opportunities, stemming from mining activities and the growth of various service and industrial sectors, has made Yazd an attractive destination for many internal migrants and those from abroad. A significant number of these migrants hail from Sistan and Baluchestan, which has become the fifth largest source of migration to Yazd, according to the population census conducted between 2011 and 2016. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the migration of people from Sistan and Baluchestan to Yazd, focusing on the central question: What factors in Sistan and Baluchestan drive these individuals to relocate to the city of Yazd? Materials & Methods This research aimed to explore the migration of people from Sistan and Baluchestan to Yazd City. The study was conducted in Yazd in 2023 by employing qualitative methods and purposive sampling, involving semi-structured interviews with 13 participants. Data analysis was carried out using thematic analysis techniques. Given the variety of models available for thematic analysis, this research adopted a comprehensive, step-by-step approach that integrated methods proposed by Attride-Stirling, Braun and Clarke, and King and Horrocks. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The data analysis revealed 6 main themes: unfavorable conditions, challenging livelihoods, feelings of systemic rejection, de-tension, constraints of separation, and pursuit of progress. Among these, the most significant factor influencing the migration of people from Sistan and Baluchestan was the challenging nature of their livelihoods, which stemmed from the unfavorable conditions in the province. Sistan and Baluchestan is underdeveloped in terms of both natural resources and welfare infrastructure and residents feel that no substantial efforts have been made toward improvement. The migrants from this region expressed concerns about issues, such as water shortages, severe storms, droughts, high temperatures, and a lack of welfare and educational facilities. These challenges had contributed to an environment that many considered unsuitable for living. As a result, they had experienced difficult livelihoods characterized by inadequate employment opportunities and insufficient income, which had motivated their decision to migrate. In addition to these critical factors, feelings of systemic rejection had further reinforced the desire to migrate. Many people believed that effective policies for welfare and provincial development had not been implemented and they felt that local residents were not adequately involved in addressing the region's challenges. This perception—that the province was unlikely to embark on a path toward development and that individual growth necessitated migration—had become a significant driving force behind the movement to Yazd. Another contributing factor was the desire for de-tension as the migrants had sought to escape the anti-normative behaviors prevalent in their home province and avoided social issues, such as addiction, smuggling, and theft, while searching for greater security in Yazd. However, upon migrating, the individuals had encountered various constraints, including identity distortion. Many expressed dissatisfaction with how they were perceived by others, feeling that they were unjustly viewed as undesirable, subjected to humiliation and ridicule, and, at times, even questioned about their Iranian identity. Additionally, the pressures of adaptation had posed challenges, particularly in the initial stages of migration as they had to acclimate to the conditions of their new city. Alienation was another significant aspect of their experience. While migrants might have clan, family, and acquaintances in Yazd, they often felt a lack of meaningful connections, leading to feelings of estrangement. Despite these challenges, migrants remained determined to pursue opportunities for advancement, adapting to obstacles in order to improve their personal growth and living standards—conditions that were unavailable in their home city but were present in the more developed Yazd. Overall, migrants reported a sense of satisfaction with their decision to move as they perceived better prospects for personal and familial growth. This analysis indicated that while economic factors were the primary motivation for migration from Sistan and Baluchestan, social, cultural, and political elements also played significant roles. Consequently, addressing these issues—through investment, development, and creation of job opportunities—required the attention of policymakers to ensure the strategic position of the province was maintained with a balanced population. Introduction The contemporary world is characterized by continuous and extensive events and transformations. Among these, the geographic mobility of people stands out as one of the most significant aspects of human history. Humans are inherently migratory and migration has formed a persistent thread throughout our past. This phenomenon, whether on a macro or micro level, is complex and multifaceted; it cannot be attributed to a single cause or explained by a mere combination of theories. Rather, a variety of factors collectively drive individuals or groups to migrate. In recent years, Yazd has emerged as an industrial hub in central Iran. The abundance of job opportunities, stemming from mining activities and the growth of various service and industrial sectors, has made Yazd an attractive destination for many internal migrants and those from abroad. A significant number of these migrants hail from Sistan and Baluchestan, which has become the fifth largest source of migration to Yazd, according to the population census conducted between 2011 and 2016. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the migration of people from Sistan and Baluchestan to Yazd, focusing on the central question: What factors in Sistan and Baluchestan drive these individuals to relocate to the city of Yazd? Materials & Methods This research aimed to explore the migration of people from Sistan and Baluchestan to Yazd City. The study was conducted in Yazd in 2023 by employing qualitative methods and purposive sampling, involving semi-structured interviews with 13 participants. Data analysis was carried out using thematic analysis techniques. Given the variety of models available for thematic analysis, this research adopted a comprehensive, step-by-step approach that integrated methods proposed by Attride-Stirling, Braun and Clarke, and King and Horrocks. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The data analysis revealed 6 main themes: unfavorable conditions, challenging livelihoods, feelings of systemic rejection, de-tension, constraints of separation, and pursuit of progress. Among these, the most significant factor influencing the migration of people from Sistan and Baluchestan was the challenging nature of their livelihoods, which stemmed from the unfavorable conditions in the province. Sistan and Baluchestan is underdeveloped in terms of both natural resources and welfare infrastructure and residents feel that no substantial efforts have been made toward improvement. The migrants from this region expressed concerns about issues, such as water shortages, severe storms, droughts, high temperatures, and a lack of welfare and educational facilities. These challenges had contributed to an environment that many considered unsuitable for living. As a result, they had experienced difficult livelihoods characterized by inadequate employment opportunities and insufficient income, which had motivated their decision to migrate. In addition to these critical factors, feelings of systemic rejection had further reinforced the desire to migrate. Many people believed that effective policies for welfare and provincial development had not been implemented and they felt that local residents were not adequately involved in addressing the region's challenges. This perception—that the province was unlikely to embark on a path toward development and that individual growth necessitated migration—had become a significant driving force behind the movement to Yazd. Another contributing factor was the desire for de-tension as the migrants had sought to escape the anti-normative behaviors prevalent in their home province and avoided social issues, such as addiction, smuggling, and theft, while searching for greater security in Yazd. However, upon migrating, the individuals had encountered various constraints, including identity distortion. Many expressed dissatisfaction with how they were perceived by others, feeling that they were unjustly viewed as undesirable, subjected to humiliation and ridicule, and, at times, even questioned about their Iranian identity. Additionally, the pressures of adaptation had posed challenges, particularly in the initial stages of migration as they had to acclimate to the conditions of their new city. Alienation was another significant aspect of their experience. While migrants might have clan, family, and acquaintances in Yazd, they often felt a lack of meaningful connections, leading to feelings of estrangement. Despite these challenges, migrants remained determined to pursue opportunities for advancement, adapting to obstacles in order to improve their personal growth and living standards—conditions that were unavailable in their home city but were present in the more developed Yazd. Overall, migrants reported a sense of satisfaction with their decision to move as they perceived better prospects for personal and familial growth. This analysis indicated that while economic factors were the primary motivation for migration from Sistan and Baluchestan, social, cultural, and political elements also played significant roles. Consequently, addressing these issues—through investment, development, and creation of job opportunities—required the attention of policymakers to ensure the strategic position of the province was maintained with a balanced population.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_28983_03fffa003c05aeaf351e6f00a2ff8f9d.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 13 3 2024 09 22 Analyzing Political Distrust as a Driving Factor for Protesting Political Actions in the Context of Security Threats and Political Corruption Analyzing Political Distrust as a Driving Factor for Protesting Political Actions in the Context of Security Threats and Political Corruption 131 149 29009 10.22108/srspi.2024.142829.2037 FA Mahmoudreza Rahbarqazi Associate professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Morteza Ebrahimi Associate professor, Department of Political Science, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Journal Article 2024 09 17 Introduction In modern societies, political emotions and attitudes play a significant role in shaping individuals' political behaviors. Two critical factors—perceived threats and political corruption—exert both direct and indirect effects on citizen actions. Perceived threats, whether arising from external security risks or internal issues like discrimination, tend to heighten anxiety and prompt political engagement as individuals seek solutions. Conversely, political corruption undermines trust in institutions but can also galvanize citizens to advocate for systemic reforms. Political distrust acts as a crucial link, connecting perceptions of corruption and security threats to increased political participation, such as voting or protesting. This study examined the mediating role of political distrust in the relationship between perceived corruption and security threats in relation to protest behavior in Iran. By addressing this important gap in the literature, the research offered valuable insights into the dynamics of political behavior and social unrest. Materials & Methods This research employed secondary data analysis to examine the impact of perceived corruption and security concerns on protest activities, with political distrust serving as a mediating variable. The dataset was sourced from the seventh wave of the World Values Survey, which utilized a stratified sampling technique targeting Iranian citizens. Data collection involved in-person interviews using a paper-based questionnaire with respondents selected through the "recent birthday" method. For analysis, both descriptive and inferential statistics were applied using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS software to explore the relationships among the variables. Key variables included: Security Threat Perceptions: Measured through concerns about international war, terrorism, and civil conflict Perceived Corruption: Assessed in relation to government, business, and media corruption Political Distrust: Evaluated based on trust in the judiciary, government, and parliament Protest Actions: Measured through activities, such as petitions, peaceful protests, and strikes The validity and reliability of the measures were confirmed through factor loadings, composite reliability, and model fit indices with detailed findings presented in the results section. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The study aimed to test the research model by employing descriptive statistics and measurement models to assess validity and reliability. Hypotheses were examined using Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis in Smart PLS software. The results indicated moderate levels of perceived corruption (mean = 2.49) and political distrust (mean = 2.31), while perceptions of security threats were slightly below average (mean = 2.01). Notably, political participation was low with a mean of 1.55. Factor loadings exceeded 0.40 indicating acceptability and composite reliability values were above 0.70, thus confirming reliability. Convergent validity was established for most variables; however, the validity of political participation was slightly below the threshold, yet still acceptable according to Fornell and Larcker's criteria. Divergent validity was confirmed and the model's fit indices suggested an adequate compatibility with the data. The results demonstrated that perceived corruption (β = 0.04) and security threats (β = 0.14) exerted a direct effect on political participation, which was mediated by political distrust. The indirect effects were positive, indicating that perceived corruption (β = 0.08) and security threats (β = 0.05) positively influenced political actions through distrust. Among the strongest direct effects on political participation was political distrust (β = 0.23). Overall, the model explained 10.8% of the variance in political participation. Statistical analyses supported the notion that perceived corruption significantly contributed to political distrust (T = 16.59, p < 0.001), while security threats also elevated levels of distrust (T = 10.21, p < 0.001). However, perceived corruption did not have a direct influence on political participation (T = 1.74, p = 0.08). These findings revealed complex interrelations between perceptions of corruption, security threats, and political trust, providing insights into potential strategies for overcoming socio-political challenges. Using data from the seventh wave of the World Values Survey in Iran, this study examined the impact of perceived corruption and security threats on political protest behavior, while also exploring the mediating role of political distrust in these relationships. The findings indicated that perceived corruption within government institutions significantly influenced protest behaviors by increasing levels of political distrust. This aligns with previous research that identified corruption as a key driver of public distrust and resistance. Consequently, both directly and indirectly, these factors elevated protest activities by expressing discontent and further eroding confidence in political institutions. A central finding of this study underscored the importance of political mistrust as a crucial mediating factor. In contexts where institutional trust is low, such discontent often manifests as collective protests driven by feelings of corruption and insecurity. This situation highlights the urgent need for transparency, good governance, and strategies aimed at restoring public trust. It emphasizes the necessity of comprehensive political and institutional reforms to mitigate unrest and promote lasting peace. Introduction In modern societies, political emotions and attitudes play a significant role in shaping individuals' political behaviors. Two critical factors—perceived threats and political corruption—exert both direct and indirect effects on citizen actions. Perceived threats, whether arising from external security risks or internal issues like discrimination, tend to heighten anxiety and prompt political engagement as individuals seek solutions. Conversely, political corruption undermines trust in institutions but can also galvanize citizens to advocate for systemic reforms. Political distrust acts as a crucial link, connecting perceptions of corruption and security threats to increased political participation, such as voting or protesting. This study examined the mediating role of political distrust in the relationship between perceived corruption and security threats in relation to protest behavior in Iran. By addressing this important gap in the literature, the research offered valuable insights into the dynamics of political behavior and social unrest. Materials & Methods This research employed secondary data analysis to examine the impact of perceived corruption and security concerns on protest activities, with political distrust serving as a mediating variable. The dataset was sourced from the seventh wave of the World Values Survey, which utilized a stratified sampling technique targeting Iranian citizens. Data collection involved in-person interviews using a paper-based questionnaire with respondents selected through the "recent birthday" method. For analysis, both descriptive and inferential statistics were applied using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS software to explore the relationships among the variables. Key variables included: Security Threat Perceptions: Measured through concerns about international war, terrorism, and civil conflict Perceived Corruption: Assessed in relation to government, business, and media corruption Political Distrust: Evaluated based on trust in the judiciary, government, and parliament Protest Actions: Measured through activities, such as petitions, peaceful protests, and strikes The validity and reliability of the measures were confirmed through factor loadings, composite reliability, and model fit indices with detailed findings presented in the results section. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The study aimed to test the research model by employing descriptive statistics and measurement models to assess validity and reliability. Hypotheses were examined using Partial Least Squares (PLS) analysis in Smart PLS software. The results indicated moderate levels of perceived corruption (mean = 2.49) and political distrust (mean = 2.31), while perceptions of security threats were slightly below average (mean = 2.01). Notably, political participation was low with a mean of 1.55. Factor loadings exceeded 0.40 indicating acceptability and composite reliability values were above 0.70, thus confirming reliability. Convergent validity was established for most variables; however, the validity of political participation was slightly below the threshold, yet still acceptable according to Fornell and Larcker's criteria. Divergent validity was confirmed and the model's fit indices suggested an adequate compatibility with the data. The results demonstrated that perceived corruption (β = 0.04) and security threats (β = 0.14) exerted a direct effect on political participation, which was mediated by political distrust. The indirect effects were positive, indicating that perceived corruption (β = 0.08) and security threats (β = 0.05) positively influenced political actions through distrust. Among the strongest direct effects on political participation was political distrust (β = 0.23). Overall, the model explained 10.8% of the variance in political participation. Statistical analyses supported the notion that perceived corruption significantly contributed to political distrust (T = 16.59, p < 0.001), while security threats also elevated levels of distrust (T = 10.21, p < 0.001). However, perceived corruption did not have a direct influence on political participation (T = 1.74, p = 0.08). These findings revealed complex interrelations between perceptions of corruption, security threats, and political trust, providing insights into potential strategies for overcoming socio-political challenges. Using data from the seventh wave of the World Values Survey in Iran, this study examined the impact of perceived corruption and security threats on political protest behavior, while also exploring the mediating role of political distrust in these relationships. The findings indicated that perceived corruption within government institutions significantly influenced protest behaviors by increasing levels of political distrust. This aligns with previous research that identified corruption as a key driver of public distrust and resistance. Consequently, both directly and indirectly, these factors elevated protest activities by expressing discontent and further eroding confidence in political institutions. A central finding of this study underscored the importance of political mistrust as a crucial mediating factor. In contexts where institutional trust is low, such discontent often manifests as collective protests driven by feelings of corruption and insecurity. This situation highlights the urgent need for transparency, good governance, and strategies aimed at restoring public trust. It emphasizes the necessity of comprehensive political and institutional reforms to mitigate unrest and promote lasting peace.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_29009_500e77e787f4bced47d95027f2cb2022.pdf