University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 14 1 2025 03 21 Investigating the Relationship between the Possibility of Participation in the Future and the Desire to Emigrate from Iran (Case Study: Students at the University of Guilan) Investigating the Relationship between the Possibility of Participation in the Future and the Desire to Emigrate from Iran (Case Study: Students at the University of Guilan) 1 20 29309 10.22108/srspi.2025.143823.2067 FA Reza Alizadeh Assistant professor in the Research Institute of Guilan Studies, University of Guilan, Rasht, Iran Journal Article 2024 12 30 Introduction Emigration of elites and students represents a significant challenge for Iranian society. Structural weaknesses have driven many educated youth to seek a better future abroad. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the likelihood of participation and the desire to emigrate from Iran among students at the University of Guilan, utilizing the theory of relative deprivation and focusing on the dimension of participation. Official statistics indicated that the trend of students leaving Iran had increased over the past 20 years, rising from 29th place in 2003 to 17th in the world by 2022. The primary destinations for Iranian students included the United States, Germany, Turkey, and Canada. Materials & Methods This research employed a quantitative approach, utilizing a survey technique and a questionnaire as the primary tools for data collection. The statistical population consisted of all students at the University of Guilan. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula, resulting in a total of 384 participants. Random cluster sampling was implemented in this study. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings of this study indicated that the desire to emigrate was moderately high, while political, economic, and social participation levels were relatively low. A significant relationship existed between the potential for political, social, and economic participation and the desire to emigrate. Specifically, as opportunities for participation decreased, the desire to emigrate among students increased. Notably, the desire to emigrate varied according to the field of study, with students in technical disciplines exhibiting a stronger inclination to leave, while those in the Faculty of Agriculture demonstrated a lower desire compared to their peers. There were no significant differences in emigration aspirations between male and female students or across various academic levels. Multivariate path analysis revealed that social participation had the most direct impact on the desire to emigrate. Political participation influenced this desire both directly and indirectly, whereas economic participation primarily exerted an indirect effect. As valuable members of the society, the students bore various post-graduation responsibilities. However, their lack of integration into societal systems had often led to exclusion from decision-making processes, creating conditions that fostered emigration. The departure of educated individuals imposed substantial costs on the political system. While some attributed the emigration of skilled professionals to globalization and cosmopolitanism—suggesting that these individuals rationally sought better financial opportunities—the results indicated that the potential for social and political participation significantly influenced emigration trends more than economic factors did. Weak social participation highlighted serious deficiencies in the civil conditions of the society. Social participation was fundamentally linked to individuals' social status; therefore, attention had to be given to the social standing of students, ensuring they felt respected and impactful within their communities. The data suggested that the students' negative perceptions regarding social participation underscored the urgent need to reform trust-building processes, facilitate membership in non-governmental organizations, and institutionalize social freedoms. Furthermore, the lack of opportunities for political participation had diminished political legitimacy among students, restricting their access to political parties, associations, and policymaking. To enhance social participation, it was essential to create a safe environment for social activities, strengthen social trust, and support student organizations. To increase political participation, policymakers should consider solutions, such as enabling involvement in political decision-making, strengthening political parties and organizations, and reducing political restrictions. For improving economic participation, it is vital to focus on creating suitable job opportunities, supporting research and innovation, and addressing economic inequalities. Additional recommendations include strengthening educational and research systems, fostering a sense of belonging and national identity, alleviating psychological and social pressures, and promoting hope for the future. Introduction Emigration of elites and students represents a significant challenge for Iranian society. Structural weaknesses have driven many educated youth to seek a better future abroad. This study aimed to examine the relationship between the likelihood of participation and the desire to emigrate from Iran among students at the University of Guilan, utilizing the theory of relative deprivation and focusing on the dimension of participation. Official statistics indicated that the trend of students leaving Iran had increased over the past 20 years, rising from 29th place in 2003 to 17th in the world by 2022. The primary destinations for Iranian students included the United States, Germany, Turkey, and Canada. Materials & Methods This research employed a quantitative approach, utilizing a survey technique and a questionnaire as the primary tools for data collection. The statistical population consisted of all students at the University of Guilan. The sample size was calculated using Cochran's formula, resulting in a total of 384 participants. Random cluster sampling was implemented in this study. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings of this study indicated that the desire to emigrate was moderately high, while political, economic, and social participation levels were relatively low. A significant relationship existed between the potential for political, social, and economic participation and the desire to emigrate. Specifically, as opportunities for participation decreased, the desire to emigrate among students increased. Notably, the desire to emigrate varied according to the field of study, with students in technical disciplines exhibiting a stronger inclination to leave, while those in the Faculty of Agriculture demonstrated a lower desire compared to their peers. There were no significant differences in emigration aspirations between male and female students or across various academic levels. Multivariate path analysis revealed that social participation had the most direct impact on the desire to emigrate. Political participation influenced this desire both directly and indirectly, whereas economic participation primarily exerted an indirect effect. As valuable members of the society, the students bore various post-graduation responsibilities. However, their lack of integration into societal systems had often led to exclusion from decision-making processes, creating conditions that fostered emigration. The departure of educated individuals imposed substantial costs on the political system. While some attributed the emigration of skilled professionals to globalization and cosmopolitanism—suggesting that these individuals rationally sought better financial opportunities—the results indicated that the potential for social and political participation significantly influenced emigration trends more than economic factors did. Weak social participation highlighted serious deficiencies in the civil conditions of the society. Social participation was fundamentally linked to individuals' social status; therefore, attention had to be given to the social standing of students, ensuring they felt respected and impactful within their communities. The data suggested that the students' negative perceptions regarding social participation underscored the urgent need to reform trust-building processes, facilitate membership in non-governmental organizations, and institutionalize social freedoms. Furthermore, the lack of opportunities for political participation had diminished political legitimacy among students, restricting their access to political parties, associations, and policymaking. To enhance social participation, it was essential to create a safe environment for social activities, strengthen social trust, and support student organizations. To increase political participation, policymakers should consider solutions, such as enabling involvement in political decision-making, strengthening political parties and organizations, and reducing political restrictions. For improving economic participation, it is vital to focus on creating suitable job opportunities, supporting research and innovation, and addressing economic inequalities. Additional recommendations include strengthening educational and research systems, fostering a sense of belonging and national identity, alleviating psychological and social pressures, and promoting hope for the future.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_29309_7589fbaf7f6ddb6dc2663c52c1209314.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 14 1 2025 03 21 Virtual Comprehensive Citizenship Education on Media and Digital Citizenship Behaviors Virtual Comprehensive Citizenship Education on Media and Digital Citizenship Behaviors 21 40 29242 10.22108/srspi.2025.140593.1972 FA Elham Irannezhad Ph.D., Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan branch, Isfahan, Iran Ali Mehdad Associate professor, Department of Psychology, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan branch, Isfahan, Iran Mohsen Golparvar Professor, Department of Psychology, Islamic Azad University, Khorasgan branch, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2024 01 31 Introduction The reality of human existence underscores the impossibility of living in isolation; group activities inherently require active participation of their members (Qian, 2020). This engagement not only helps shape and sustain group identity, but also fosters an understanding among individuals of their roles within society and the broader objectives of the community. By recognizing their responsibilities, individuals commit to fulfilling them. Consequently, the concepts of participation and citizenship are inextricably linked, with participation serving as a prerequisite for citizenship (Huntjens & Kemp, 2022). Citizenship is a fundamental aspect of contemporary political and social systems (Qian, 2020). Dictionaries define citizenship as the desirable social behavior aligned with societal values aimed at nurturing responsible citizens (Al-Qatawneh et al., 2019). Over time, citizenship has evolved to represent a set of purposeful relationships among individuals, who aspire to live harmoniously, functioning as a social contract designed to enhance welfare, security, and individual conduct within society (Huntjens & Kemp, 2022). A good citizen embodies an authentic identity, demonstrates traits valued by society, feels a sense of belonging to its social and cultural milieu, and trusts that a robust legal framework safeguards his/her rights. This trust cultivates a sense of responsibility and informed participation in societal governance (Neequaye-Kotey, 2023). According to Marshall's classical theory, citizenship comprises the threecivil, political, and social dimensions (Qian, 2020). In the contemporary landscape marked by the expansion of digital and media spaces, new dimensions, such as digital and media citizenship, have emerged within modern citizenship education. The swift evolution of information and communication technologies has transformed human interactions, complicating the analysis of civic and political actions through traditional frameworks (Richardson & Milovidov, 2019). Digital citizenship presents new avenues for civic and political participation, particularly through social media and interactive technologies, while also introducing challenges related to privacy and security (Keating, 2016). Digital citizenship skills encompass the competencies essential for thriving in the online world, engaging in online learning, and ensuring online security (Mahadir et al., 2021). Digital ethics pertains to the safe, ethical, and responsible behaviors of internet users, while participation involves leveraging the internet for political, economic, social, and cultural activities (Choi et al., 2017). Rotaru (2014) argued that citizenship education and media literacy are among the most effective tools for establishing a new social contract centered on citizens' rights and responsibilities, thereby enhancing social cohesion and solidarity in the modern world. Virtual communities represent a novel form of socialization, embodying the civic norms of traditional societies. To cultivate a shared understanding of citizenship rights and responsibilities, education plays a crucial role. Citizenship education is a multidimensional concept designed to prepare the youth to embrace their roles and responsibilities as citizens. According to UNESCO, it encompasses 3 key themes: 1) educating individuals about human and citizenship rights, 2) fostering individual judgment and critical thinking, and 3) promoting a sense of individual and social responsibility (Petrekaki et al., 2021). This form of education provides opportunities for acquiring the knowledge, attitudes, and skills necessary for effective interaction with others and active participation in political and social life (Granados-Sánchez, 2023). Citizenship is not an innate quality; individuals become citizens through both formal and informal education over time (Gisewhite, 2023). As a lifelong process, citizenship education requires ongoing engagement throughout an individual's life (Zuurmond et al., 2023). University students poised to become active citizens and professionals represent a critical target audience for citizenship education (Telešienė, 2021). The distinctions between face-to-face and virtual education coupled with the increasing demand for enhanced virtual educational experiences and standards underscore the necessity for research in this field. Face-to-face education facilitates dynamic classroom interactions and direct communication opportunities (Paul & Jefferson, 2019), whereas virtual education mandates further investigation to establish and recognize scientific standards for effective citizenship education (Halimi et al., 2022). This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of face-to-face and virtual training within a comprehensive citizenship education framework, focusing on media and digital citizenship behaviors among students. Materials & Methods This experimental study utilized a 4-group design, comprising 2 experimental groups and 2 control groups with pre-tests, post-tests, and a 2-month follow-up. The study population included students from Islamic Azad University, Isfahan branch, during the winter of 2022 and spring of 2023. Participants were purposively sampled with 100 eligible volunteers selected and randomly assigned to the four groups. Inclusion criteria required participants to be enrolled at Islamic Azad University, Isfahan branch, to express willingness to participate and have no acute psychological issues. The training consisted of five 90-minute sessions delivered both face-to-face and virtually. The research instrument employed was the Citizenship Behavior Questionnaire developed by Irannezhad et al. (2023), which contains 96 items. Data analysis was conducted using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests. Assumptions of normality, homogeneity of variances, and sphericity were assessed and corrective statistics, such as Greenhouse-Geisser, were applied when necessary. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings revealed that both face-to-face and virtual training significantly enhanced students' media and digital citizenship behaviors. Notable differences were observed between the experimental and control groups across several subscales, including awareness of representation, critical evaluation, participatory knowledge, digital literacy, ethics and responsibilities, and online participation. Importantly, no significant difference was found between the effectiveness of face-to-face and virtual training, indicating that both methods were equally effective. This study highlighted that digital and media citizenship education, whether delivered in person or online, could foster civic behaviors in digital and media contexts. The training equipped students to better understand media representations, critically evaluate content, engage responsibly in virtual environments, and adhere to digital ethics. These results were consistent with prior research that underscored the significance of citizenship education in the digital age. However, this study was limited to students at Islamic Azad University, Isfahan branch, and further research is needed to generalize the findings to other social groups. Additionally, the reliance on self-report questionnaires might have introduced bias in reporting citizenship behaviors. This study also did not examine differences based on gender, education, and economic status, which warrants further investigation. It is recommended that this study be replicated with school students, employees, and other social groups. Future research could examine gender, educational, and economic differences in the effectiveness of citizenship education. Long-term follow-up studies are suggested to assess the sustainability of the effects of citizenship training. Additionally, combining qualitative and quantitative methods would provide a more comprehensive understanding of how citizenship education influences real-world behaviors. Educating content creators on social media can enhance civic behaviors in virtual spaces. National broadcasting programs could also promote civic engagement among diverse social groups by producing educational content. Furthermore, it is advisable to integrate digital and media citizenship education into school and university curricula. Introduction The reality of human existence underscores the impossibility of living in isolation; group activities inherently require active participation of their members (Qian, 2020). This engagement not only helps shape and sustain group identity, but also fosters an understanding among individuals of their roles within society and the broader objectives of the community. By recognizing their responsibilities, individuals commit to fulfilling them. Consequently, the concepts of participation and citizenship are inextricably linked, with participation serving as a prerequisite for citizenship (Huntjens & Kemp, 2022). Citizenship is a fundamental aspect of contemporary political and social systems (Qian, 2020). Dictionaries define citizenship as the desirable social behavior aligned with societal values aimed at nurturing responsible citizens (Al-Qatawneh et al., 2019). Over time, citizenship has evolved to represent a set of purposeful relationships among individuals, who aspire to live harmoniously, functioning as a social contract designed to enhance welfare, security, and individual conduct within society (Huntjens & Kemp, 2022). A good citizen embodies an authentic identity, demonstrates traits valued by society, feels a sense of belonging to its social and cultural milieu, and trusts that a robust legal framework safeguards his/her rights. This trust cultivates a sense of responsibility and informed participation in societal governance (Neequaye-Kotey, 2023). According to Marshall's classical theory, citizenship comprises the threecivil, political, and social dimensions (Qian, 2020). In the contemporary landscape marked by the expansion of digital and media spaces, new dimensions, such as digital and media citizenship, have emerged within modern citizenship education. The swift evolution of information and communication technologies has transformed human interactions, complicating the analysis of civic and political actions through traditional frameworks (Richardson & Milovidov, 2019). Digital citizenship presents new avenues for civic and political participation, particularly through social media and interactive technologies, while also introducing challenges related to privacy and security (Keating, 2016). Digital citizenship skills encompass the competencies essential for thriving in the online world, engaging in online learning, and ensuring online security (Mahadir et al., 2021). Digital ethics pertains to the safe, ethical, and responsible behaviors of internet users, while participation involves leveraging the internet for political, economic, social, and cultural activities (Choi et al., 2017). Rotaru (2014) argued that citizenship education and media literacy are among the most effective tools for establishing a new social contract centered on citizens' rights and responsibilities, thereby enhancing social cohesion and solidarity in the modern world. Virtual communities represent a novel form of socialization, embodying the civic norms of traditional societies. To cultivate a shared understanding of citizenship rights and responsibilities, education plays a crucial role. Citizenship education is a multidimensional concept designed to prepare the youth to embrace their roles and responsibilities as citizens. According to UNESCO, it encompasses 3 key themes: 1) educating individuals about human and citizenship rights, 2) fostering individual judgment and critical thinking, and 3) promoting a sense of individual and social responsibility (Petrekaki et al., 2021). This form of education provides opportunities for acquiring the knowledge, attitudes, and skills necessary for effective interaction with others and active participation in political and social life (Granados-Sánchez, 2023). Citizenship is not an innate quality; individuals become citizens through both formal and informal education over time (Gisewhite, 2023). As a lifelong process, citizenship education requires ongoing engagement throughout an individual's life (Zuurmond et al., 2023). University students poised to become active citizens and professionals represent a critical target audience for citizenship education (Telešienė, 2021). The distinctions between face-to-face and virtual education coupled with the increasing demand for enhanced virtual educational experiences and standards underscore the necessity for research in this field. Face-to-face education facilitates dynamic classroom interactions and direct communication opportunities (Paul & Jefferson, 2019), whereas virtual education mandates further investigation to establish and recognize scientific standards for effective citizenship education (Halimi et al., 2022). This study aimed to compare the effectiveness of face-to-face and virtual training within a comprehensive citizenship education framework, focusing on media and digital citizenship behaviors among students. Materials & Methods This experimental study utilized a 4-group design, comprising 2 experimental groups and 2 control groups with pre-tests, post-tests, and a 2-month follow-up. The study population included students from Islamic Azad University, Isfahan branch, during the winter of 2022 and spring of 2023. Participants were purposively sampled with 100 eligible volunteers selected and randomly assigned to the four groups. Inclusion criteria required participants to be enrolled at Islamic Azad University, Isfahan branch, to express willingness to participate and have no acute psychological issues. The training consisted of five 90-minute sessions delivered both face-to-face and virtually. The research instrument employed was the Citizenship Behavior Questionnaire developed by Irannezhad et al. (2023), which contains 96 items. Data analysis was conducted using repeated measures ANOVA and Bonferroni post-hoc tests. Assumptions of normality, homogeneity of variances, and sphericity were assessed and corrective statistics, such as Greenhouse-Geisser, were applied when necessary. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings revealed that both face-to-face and virtual training significantly enhanced students' media and digital citizenship behaviors. Notable differences were observed between the experimental and control groups across several subscales, including awareness of representation, critical evaluation, participatory knowledge, digital literacy, ethics and responsibilities, and online participation. Importantly, no significant difference was found between the effectiveness of face-to-face and virtual training, indicating that both methods were equally effective. This study highlighted that digital and media citizenship education, whether delivered in person or online, could foster civic behaviors in digital and media contexts. The training equipped students to better understand media representations, critically evaluate content, engage responsibly in virtual environments, and adhere to digital ethics. These results were consistent with prior research that underscored the significance of citizenship education in the digital age. However, this study was limited to students at Islamic Azad University, Isfahan branch, and further research is needed to generalize the findings to other social groups. Additionally, the reliance on self-report questionnaires might have introduced bias in reporting citizenship behaviors. This study also did not examine differences based on gender, education, and economic status, which warrants further investigation. It is recommended that this study be replicated with school students, employees, and other social groups. Future research could examine gender, educational, and economic differences in the effectiveness of citizenship education. Long-term follow-up studies are suggested to assess the sustainability of the effects of citizenship training. Additionally, combining qualitative and quantitative methods would provide a more comprehensive understanding of how citizenship education influences real-world behaviors. Educating content creators on social media can enhance civic behaviors in virtual spaces. National broadcasting programs could also promote civic engagement among diverse social groups by producing educational content. Furthermore, it is advisable to integrate digital and media citizenship education into school and university curricula.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_29242_3796af8fb1dba52b9bd45193c2a8b5fa.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 14 1 2025 03 21 Thematic Analysis and Scientific Mapping of Resistance Economy Studies Thematic Analysis and Scientific Mapping of Resistance Economy Studies 41 60 29232 10.22108/srspi.2025.143686.2062 FA Saleh Rahimi Associate professor, Department of Knowledge and Information Science, Faculty of Social Sciences, Razi University, Kermanshah, Iran Faramarz Sohei Associate professor, Department of Knowledge and Information Science, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 12 15 Introduction The increasing volume of scientific output and research related to the resistance economy has highlighted the need for a thorough and systematic analysis of these studies. This analysis aimed to identify strengths, weaknesses, research gaps, and future directions within the field. Conducting thematic analysis and mapping of scientific research in the resistance economy is crucial for revealing research patterns, academic trends, and underexplored areas. This study sought to support policymakers, researchers, and executives in developing and implementing more effective and coordinated policies. Given the significance of this topic, the present study aimed to assess the current state of resistance economy research using advanced thematic analysis and scientific mapping techniques, while also proposing strategies to enhance the quality and impact of such research. Materials & Methods This research utilized bibliometric techniques to analyze scientific literature. Data were processed using VOSviewer, UCINet, and BibExcel software. The dataset was extracted from the Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC) by searching for the keyword "resistance economy" in the title field. The extracted data covering the past 12 years (2012–2023) comprised 528 documents containing 2,330 author keywords. Following extraction, the keywords were standardized and harmonized—for instance, singular and plural forms were unified and acronyms were expanded into full terms. After this standardization process, 1,159 unique keywords remained. For co-occurrence mapping, VOSviewer was employed. Initially, a symmetric matrix was generated in BibExcel, which was then converted into a correlation matrix with a cut-off point of 3, resulting in a 126x126 matrix where diagonal cells were set to zero. Cluster analysis was conducted using the K-means method in VOSviewer. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The strategic diagram highlighted the primary themes identified during this period, notably in Quadrant 1: Resistance Economy (1), Lifestyle and Resistance Economy (9), and The Role of Entrepreneurship in Resistance Economy (11). These clusters were cohesive and central to the research domain, while dominating the network. Conversely, the cluster focusing on Techniques for Evaluation and Analysis of the Resistance Economy System (10) held less significance and impact compared to those in Quadrant 1. While it remained cohesive, it lacked centrality and represented a smaller, more specialized segment of the field. The emerging and declining areas of the network included clusters, such as Knowledge-Based Companies and Resistance Economy (3), Resistance Economy from the Perspective of the Supreme Leader (4), Resistance Economy in Textbooks (5), People-Centered Economy (6), Resistance Economy and External Threats (7), and The Role of Universities and Elites in Resistance Economy from the Perspective of the Supreme Leader (8). Quadrant 4 particularly highlighted clusters with untapped potential to become mainstream, such as Islamic Economics (2). The findings also suggested that the aforementioned clusters were gaining prominence, underscoring the need for further research in the resistance economy. This called for policymakers and research planners to prioritize this field within academic and institutional agendas. Certain clusters revealed research gaps that require attention in future studies. This research provided a comprehensive map to guide subsequent investigations and strengthen the academic foundation of resistance economy studies. Clusters like Resistance Economy in Educational Texts and The Role of Entrepreneurship in Resistance Economy reflected neglected dimensions that demanded in-depth exploration. Thus, this study was pivotal in advancing the field and proposing practical solutions. Researchers were encouraged to focus on the emerging areas identified here, such as Islamic Economy and People-Centered Approaches, to foster innovation in resistance economy research. Based on the thematic clusters derived from co-word analysis, including the cluster of Resistance Economy in Textbooks, it is recommended that concepts, such as self-sufficiency, support for national production, optimal consumption, and related ideas, be integrated into school curricula and tailored to the educational levels of students. Introduction The increasing volume of scientific output and research related to the resistance economy has highlighted the need for a thorough and systematic analysis of these studies. This analysis aimed to identify strengths, weaknesses, research gaps, and future directions within the field. Conducting thematic analysis and mapping of scientific research in the resistance economy is crucial for revealing research patterns, academic trends, and underexplored areas. This study sought to support policymakers, researchers, and executives in developing and implementing more effective and coordinated policies. Given the significance of this topic, the present study aimed to assess the current state of resistance economy research using advanced thematic analysis and scientific mapping techniques, while also proposing strategies to enhance the quality and impact of such research. Materials & Methods This research utilized bibliometric techniques to analyze scientific literature. Data were processed using VOSviewer, UCINet, and BibExcel software. The dataset was extracted from the Islamic World Science Citation Center (ISC) by searching for the keyword "resistance economy" in the title field. The extracted data covering the past 12 years (2012–2023) comprised 528 documents containing 2,330 author keywords. Following extraction, the keywords were standardized and harmonized—for instance, singular and plural forms were unified and acronyms were expanded into full terms. After this standardization process, 1,159 unique keywords remained. For co-occurrence mapping, VOSviewer was employed. Initially, a symmetric matrix was generated in BibExcel, which was then converted into a correlation matrix with a cut-off point of 3, resulting in a 126x126 matrix where diagonal cells were set to zero. Cluster analysis was conducted using the K-means method in VOSviewer. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The strategic diagram highlighted the primary themes identified during this period, notably in Quadrant 1: Resistance Economy (1), Lifestyle and Resistance Economy (9), and The Role of Entrepreneurship in Resistance Economy (11). These clusters were cohesive and central to the research domain, while dominating the network. Conversely, the cluster focusing on Techniques for Evaluation and Analysis of the Resistance Economy System (10) held less significance and impact compared to those in Quadrant 1. While it remained cohesive, it lacked centrality and represented a smaller, more specialized segment of the field. The emerging and declining areas of the network included clusters, such as Knowledge-Based Companies and Resistance Economy (3), Resistance Economy from the Perspective of the Supreme Leader (4), Resistance Economy in Textbooks (5), People-Centered Economy (6), Resistance Economy and External Threats (7), and The Role of Universities and Elites in Resistance Economy from the Perspective of the Supreme Leader (8). Quadrant 4 particularly highlighted clusters with untapped potential to become mainstream, such as Islamic Economics (2). The findings also suggested that the aforementioned clusters were gaining prominence, underscoring the need for further research in the resistance economy. This called for policymakers and research planners to prioritize this field within academic and institutional agendas. Certain clusters revealed research gaps that require attention in future studies. This research provided a comprehensive map to guide subsequent investigations and strengthen the academic foundation of resistance economy studies. Clusters like Resistance Economy in Educational Texts and The Role of Entrepreneurship in Resistance Economy reflected neglected dimensions that demanded in-depth exploration. Thus, this study was pivotal in advancing the field and proposing practical solutions. Researchers were encouraged to focus on the emerging areas identified here, such as Islamic Economy and People-Centered Approaches, to foster innovation in resistance economy research. Based on the thematic clusters derived from co-word analysis, including the cluster of Resistance Economy in Textbooks, it is recommended that concepts, such as self-sufficiency, support for national production, optimal consumption, and related ideas, be integrated into school curricula and tailored to the educational levels of students.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_29232_afd202eb2e56a6409f0dbc9380805bd8.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 14 1 2025 03 21 Sociological Study of Family Transitions in Kermanshah City Sociological Study of Family Transitions in Kermanshah City 61 86 29318 10.22108/srspi.2025.142338.2021 FA Farzad Parhodeh Ph.D. student in Sociology (Iran's Social Issues), Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran Asadollah Naghdi Professor of Sociology, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran Mohammad Taghi Sabzehei Assistant professor of Sociology, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Economic and Social Sciences, Bu-Ali Sina University, Hamadan, Iran 0000-0001-6935-7909 Hossein Imani Jajarmi Associate professor of Sociology, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 08 05 Introduction The family as one of the most vital social institutions plays a crucial role in the socialization and institutionalization of values and norms. However, in today's world, the family has undergone significant transformations that necessitate careful examination and analysis. These changes encompass alterations in family structures, functions, and various forms all influenced by social, cultural, and economic factors. Sociological studies indicate that traditional gender roles within families have evolved, leading to a diminished capacity for families to fulfill their functions. Notable shifts include an increase in cohabitation without marriage, growing individualism, changing values, and a focus on self-actualization. Additionally, economic relationships have shifted from being purely transactional to more emotionally driven. Similar trends are observed in Iran, where weak family interactions and a lack of dialogue space pose significant challenges. The rise of communication technologies, such as text messaging and online platforms, has exacerbated these issues. Statistical data further reveal structural and functional changes within Iranian families. The latest National Values and Attitudes Survey highlights shifts in family decision-making, marriage preferences, attitudes toward women's rights, and childbearing in Kermanshah. Many respondents noted a decline in moral values, support for women's rights to divorce and equal inheritance, a preference for non-relative marriages, a desire for smaller families, and evolving views on children's autonomy. The importance of this study lay in its potential to deepen our understanding of family dynamics and to provide practical, logical solutions aimed at enhancing family life. Materials & Methods This study employed a qualitative approach grounded in thematic analysis. The target population comprised experts knowledgeable about family transitions in Kermanshah. Participants were purposefully selected based on their extensive familiarity with the subject matter. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, utilizing both audio recordings and note-taking. The interviews continued until data saturation was achieved, meaning that the collection of new information ceased to reveal additional patterns or concepts. Data analysis followed the 6-step method outlined by Braun and Clarke, which involved: Familiarization with the data Searching for themes Generating categories from the text Reviewing themes Describing themes Analyzing based on interview responses Concepts related to family transitions were organized into foundational sentences and primary concepts. Subsequently, the primary categories were refined and subcategories were identified based on semantic similarities. These subcategories were then integrated into broader themes to highlight the most significant dimensions of family transitions. To ensure the validity and reliability of the findings, the data were evaluated and confirmed by family experts. Additionally, the processes of coding, theme extraction, and result interpretation were reviewed by relevant academic professionals, leading to necessary adjustments. Prior to the interviews, participants were informed about the research topic, objectives, data collection methods, and the benefits of the study, ensuring that their identities would remain confidential. Discussion of Results & Conclusion This study explored the transitions in family dynamics in Kermanshah from a sociological perspective, highlighting the influence of social, economic, and cultural factors. Kermanshah as one of the country's major cities features a diverse racial and ethnic landscape, which contributes to its unique cultural and value expressions. Research indicates that families in Kermanshah have experienced significant changes and transitions over recent decades. The findings derived from qualitative interviews with experts in family studies identified 11 key categories or themes related to the structural, functional, relational, and individual roles within families. Notable transitions included the decline of kinship ties, shifts in women's roles and marital relationships, nuclearization of family structures, changes in power dynamics among family members, evolving lifestyles, deinstitutionalization of marriage, weakening of collective and traditional values, increasing attention to children's rights, and cultural alienation. These changes presented both opportunities and challenges for families. In conclusion, the family remained a fundamental social institution in Kermanshah, serving as a vital source of emotional and social support and transmitting values and norms to future generations. However, various factors—cultural, economic, and technological—had prompted shifts in family structures and roles. Addressing these changes effectively required comprehensive and evidence-based approaches. The key solutions that government and family institutions could implement to support family stability included: financial education, strengthening family relationships, providing psychosocial support, reinforcing shared values, enhancing the educational system, promoting sustainable employment, developing social support programs, fostering a culture of dialogue, implementing balanced population policies, and bolstering cultural infrastructure. Introduction The family as one of the most vital social institutions plays a crucial role in the socialization and institutionalization of values and norms. However, in today's world, the family has undergone significant transformations that necessitate careful examination and analysis. These changes encompass alterations in family structures, functions, and various forms all influenced by social, cultural, and economic factors. Sociological studies indicate that traditional gender roles within families have evolved, leading to a diminished capacity for families to fulfill their functions. Notable shifts include an increase in cohabitation without marriage, growing individualism, changing values, and a focus on self-actualization. Additionally, economic relationships have shifted from being purely transactional to more emotionally driven. Similar trends are observed in Iran, where weak family interactions and a lack of dialogue space pose significant challenges. The rise of communication technologies, such as text messaging and online platforms, has exacerbated these issues. Statistical data further reveal structural and functional changes within Iranian families. The latest National Values and Attitudes Survey highlights shifts in family decision-making, marriage preferences, attitudes toward women's rights, and childbearing in Kermanshah. Many respondents noted a decline in moral values, support for women's rights to divorce and equal inheritance, a preference for non-relative marriages, a desire for smaller families, and evolving views on children's autonomy. The importance of this study lay in its potential to deepen our understanding of family dynamics and to provide practical, logical solutions aimed at enhancing family life. Materials & Methods This study employed a qualitative approach grounded in thematic analysis. The target population comprised experts knowledgeable about family transitions in Kermanshah. Participants were purposefully selected based on their extensive familiarity with the subject matter. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews, utilizing both audio recordings and note-taking. The interviews continued until data saturation was achieved, meaning that the collection of new information ceased to reveal additional patterns or concepts. Data analysis followed the 6-step method outlined by Braun and Clarke, which involved: Familiarization with the data Searching for themes Generating categories from the text Reviewing themes Describing themes Analyzing based on interview responses Concepts related to family transitions were organized into foundational sentences and primary concepts. Subsequently, the primary categories were refined and subcategories were identified based on semantic similarities. These subcategories were then integrated into broader themes to highlight the most significant dimensions of family transitions. To ensure the validity and reliability of the findings, the data were evaluated and confirmed by family experts. Additionally, the processes of coding, theme extraction, and result interpretation were reviewed by relevant academic professionals, leading to necessary adjustments. Prior to the interviews, participants were informed about the research topic, objectives, data collection methods, and the benefits of the study, ensuring that their identities would remain confidential. Discussion of Results & Conclusion This study explored the transitions in family dynamics in Kermanshah from a sociological perspective, highlighting the influence of social, economic, and cultural factors. Kermanshah as one of the country's major cities features a diverse racial and ethnic landscape, which contributes to its unique cultural and value expressions. Research indicates that families in Kermanshah have experienced significant changes and transitions over recent decades. The findings derived from qualitative interviews with experts in family studies identified 11 key categories or themes related to the structural, functional, relational, and individual roles within families. Notable transitions included the decline of kinship ties, shifts in women's roles and marital relationships, nuclearization of family structures, changes in power dynamics among family members, evolving lifestyles, deinstitutionalization of marriage, weakening of collective and traditional values, increasing attention to children's rights, and cultural alienation. These changes presented both opportunities and challenges for families. In conclusion, the family remained a fundamental social institution in Kermanshah, serving as a vital source of emotional and social support and transmitting values and norms to future generations. However, various factors—cultural, economic, and technological—had prompted shifts in family structures and roles. Addressing these changes effectively required comprehensive and evidence-based approaches. The key solutions that government and family institutions could implement to support family stability included: financial education, strengthening family relationships, providing psychosocial support, reinforcing shared values, enhancing the educational system, promoting sustainable employment, developing social support programs, fostering a culture of dialogue, implementing balanced population policies, and bolstering cultural infrastructure.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_29318_e86baab02a74cb92e78293fce30a471c.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 14 1 2025 03 21 Examining the Impact of Gender Attitudes on the Quality of Life in Men and Women Examining the Impact of Gender Attitudes on the Quality of Life in Men and Women 87 114 29393 10.22108/srspi.2025.143509.2058 FA Iraj Faizi Assistant professor of Sociology, Institute for Humanities and Social Studies, Academic Center for Education, Culture, and Research (ACECR), Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 11 26 Introduction Attitudes are multifaceted constructs shaped by individual experiences and broader socio-cultural frameworks, significantly influencing how people perceive, interpret, and navigate their social environments. Gender, as a fundamental organizing principle of society, creates distinct realities for men and women, playing a pivotal role in shaping individual experiences. Consequently, gender attitudes—comprising beliefs and values related to social roles, behaviors, and attributes associated with each gender—are crucial determinants of life satisfaction and overall quality of life. These attitudes exist along a spectrum, ranging from traditional or patriarchal perspectives, which typically uphold distinct gender roles and reinforce male dominance, to egalitarian viewpoints that emphasize gender equality and the equitable distribution of labor and responsibilities. The impact of gender attitudes on life satisfaction and quality of life varies significantly across different societies, indicating that their influence is contingent upon the prevailing socio-cultural context. Specifically, attitudes that align with dominant socio-cultural norms are likely to foster a sense of satisfaction and enhance quality of life. In contrast, attitudes that deviate from these norms can generate dissonance, pressure, and dissatisfaction, ultimately diminishing quality of life. This study aimed to investigate the nuanced effects of gender attitudes on various dimensions of life satisfaction and subjective quality of life among men and women in Iran. Materials & Methods This research utilized a secondary analysis of data from the National Family Survey (Faizi & Ebrahimi, 2018). The target population included individuals aged 15 years and older residing in ordinary urban households throughout Iran in 2018. A two-stage sampling methodology was employed to ensure a representative sample. In the first stage, 834 urban blocks were selected using Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) sampling from all urban blocks across the country. In the second stage, 6 eligible individuals—3 men and 3 women—were systematically selected from each sampled block using linear systematic sampling. This approach yielded a final sample of 5,036 participants. Data collection was conducted through face-to-face interviews within households, utilizing tablets, from late May to late July 2018. To ensure the instruments accurately measured the intended constructs, both face and construct validity were established. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. The gender attitude index was created by averaging scores from 9 items, including statements like "The breadwinner of the household must be a man" and "Men should have the final say at home". The Cronbach’s alpha for this index was 0.72, indicating satisfactory internal consistency. Scores ranged from 0 to 4 and respondents were categorized into 3 groups based on their scores: traditional or patriarchal (0–1.33), intermediate (1.34–2.67), and modern or egalitarian (2.68–4). Subjective quality of life was measured using a composite index that included life satisfaction across 12 dimensions, along with a general life satisfaction item. Responses were recorded on a scale ranging from "not at all" to "very much". The Cronbach’s alpha for the quality of life index was 0.82, demonstrating strong internal consistency. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The analysis revealed a significant disparity in gender attitudes between men and women. Specifically, men exhibited more traditional gender attitudes, with 27% holding traditional views compared to only 10% of women. The average life satisfaction score measured on a scale of 0 to 5 was 3.68 for women and 3.57 for men. Similarly, the average subjective quality of life score measured on a scale of 0 to 65 was 40.10 for women and 39.43 for men. These results indicated that life satisfaction and subjective quality of life showed only marginal differences between genders. However, gender attitudes had a substantial impact on women's life satisfaction across various dimensions and on their subjective quality of life. Notably, women with traditional gender attitudes reported higher levels of satisfaction and quality of life. In contrast, for men, the influence of gender attitudes on most dimensions of life satisfaction was less pronounced although men with traditional attitudes also reported higher subjective quality of life. Regression analysis further confirmed that gender attitudes had a significantly stronger influence on women's quality of life (beta = -0.196) compared to men’s (beta = -0.055). Moreover, both men and women, who held traditional gender attitudes, reported higher quality of life than those with modern perspectives. These findings suggested that gender attitudes were more salient predictors of women's life outcomes, particularly regarding quality of life and satisfaction across various dimensions, than they were for men. The results also indicated that while modern gender attitudes represented an aspirational ideal, they encountered substantial cultural and social barriers in traditional or transitioning societies like Iran. Consequently, individuals, who embraced modern perspectives, might experience dissatisfaction due to the incongruence between their attitudes and prevailing social norms. Conversely, the dominance of traditional values aligned with the preferences of individuals, who held traditional gender attitudes, leading to greater life satisfaction and quality of life. However, this alignment did not affect men and women equally. Women, who advocated for modern attitudes, faced greater conflicts with traditional and patriarchal norms, resulting in stigma, social rejection, and a lack of acceptance. As a result, they experienced more dissatisfaction compared to their male counterparts with modern attitudes. This study underscored the differential impact of gender attitudes on quality of life, highlighting the unique challenges faced by women, who supported modern perspectives within a traditionally oriented society. Introduction Attitudes are multifaceted constructs shaped by individual experiences and broader socio-cultural frameworks, significantly influencing how people perceive, interpret, and navigate their social environments. Gender, as a fundamental organizing principle of society, creates distinct realities for men and women, playing a pivotal role in shaping individual experiences. Consequently, gender attitudes—comprising beliefs and values related to social roles, behaviors, and attributes associated with each gender—are crucial determinants of life satisfaction and overall quality of life. These attitudes exist along a spectrum, ranging from traditional or patriarchal perspectives, which typically uphold distinct gender roles and reinforce male dominance, to egalitarian viewpoints that emphasize gender equality and the equitable distribution of labor and responsibilities. The impact of gender attitudes on life satisfaction and quality of life varies significantly across different societies, indicating that their influence is contingent upon the prevailing socio-cultural context. Specifically, attitudes that align with dominant socio-cultural norms are likely to foster a sense of satisfaction and enhance quality of life. In contrast, attitudes that deviate from these norms can generate dissonance, pressure, and dissatisfaction, ultimately diminishing quality of life. This study aimed to investigate the nuanced effects of gender attitudes on various dimensions of life satisfaction and subjective quality of life among men and women in Iran. Materials & Methods This research utilized a secondary analysis of data from the National Family Survey (Faizi & Ebrahimi, 2018). The target population included individuals aged 15 years and older residing in ordinary urban households throughout Iran in 2018. A two-stage sampling methodology was employed to ensure a representative sample. In the first stage, 834 urban blocks were selected using Probability Proportional to Size (PPS) sampling from all urban blocks across the country. In the second stage, 6 eligible individuals—3 men and 3 women—were systematically selected from each sampled block using linear systematic sampling. This approach yielded a final sample of 5,036 participants. Data collection was conducted through face-to-face interviews within households, utilizing tablets, from late May to late July 2018. To ensure the instruments accurately measured the intended constructs, both face and construct validity were established. Reliability was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha. The gender attitude index was created by averaging scores from 9 items, including statements like "The breadwinner of the household must be a man" and "Men should have the final say at home". The Cronbach’s alpha for this index was 0.72, indicating satisfactory internal consistency. Scores ranged from 0 to 4 and respondents were categorized into 3 groups based on their scores: traditional or patriarchal (0–1.33), intermediate (1.34–2.67), and modern or egalitarian (2.68–4). Subjective quality of life was measured using a composite index that included life satisfaction across 12 dimensions, along with a general life satisfaction item. Responses were recorded on a scale ranging from "not at all" to "very much". The Cronbach’s alpha for the quality of life index was 0.82, demonstrating strong internal consistency. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The analysis revealed a significant disparity in gender attitudes between men and women. Specifically, men exhibited more traditional gender attitudes, with 27% holding traditional views compared to only 10% of women. The average life satisfaction score measured on a scale of 0 to 5 was 3.68 for women and 3.57 for men. Similarly, the average subjective quality of life score measured on a scale of 0 to 65 was 40.10 for women and 39.43 for men. These results indicated that life satisfaction and subjective quality of life showed only marginal differences between genders. However, gender attitudes had a substantial impact on women's life satisfaction across various dimensions and on their subjective quality of life. Notably, women with traditional gender attitudes reported higher levels of satisfaction and quality of life. In contrast, for men, the influence of gender attitudes on most dimensions of life satisfaction was less pronounced although men with traditional attitudes also reported higher subjective quality of life. Regression analysis further confirmed that gender attitudes had a significantly stronger influence on women's quality of life (beta = -0.196) compared to men’s (beta = -0.055). Moreover, both men and women, who held traditional gender attitudes, reported higher quality of life than those with modern perspectives. These findings suggested that gender attitudes were more salient predictors of women's life outcomes, particularly regarding quality of life and satisfaction across various dimensions, than they were for men. The results also indicated that while modern gender attitudes represented an aspirational ideal, they encountered substantial cultural and social barriers in traditional or transitioning societies like Iran. Consequently, individuals, who embraced modern perspectives, might experience dissatisfaction due to the incongruence between their attitudes and prevailing social norms. Conversely, the dominance of traditional values aligned with the preferences of individuals, who held traditional gender attitudes, leading to greater life satisfaction and quality of life. However, this alignment did not affect men and women equally. Women, who advocated for modern attitudes, faced greater conflicts with traditional and patriarchal norms, resulting in stigma, social rejection, and a lack of acceptance. As a result, they experienced more dissatisfaction compared to their male counterparts with modern attitudes. This study underscored the differential impact of gender attitudes on quality of life, highlighting the unique challenges faced by women, who supported modern perspectives within a traditionally oriented society.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_29393_fda997168b945f8d10370f4e74733707.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 14 1 2025 03 21 Assessment of Intimate Partner Cyberstalking among Married Individuals: Psychometric Properties and Validation of the Persian Version Assessment of Intimate Partner Cyberstalking among Married Individuals: Psychometric Properties and Validation of the Persian Version 115 132 29266 10.22108/srspi.2025.142115.2015 FA Zahra Akhavi Samarein Associate professor, Department of Counseling, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Naser Abbasi Ph.D. student in Counseling, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardabil, Iran Fereshteh Shabani M.A. in School Counseling, Faculty of Educational Sciences and Psychology, University of Shahid Beheshti, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2024 07 13 Introduction The widespread availability and accessibility of mobile phones, computers, and the Internet have equipped individuals with enhanced tools to surveil, harass, bully, and control their partners (Bailey et al., 2023). Research indicates that intimate partners are more frequent targets of cyberstalking compared to strangers (Dhillon et al., 2016). International studies reveal that between 42% and 49.9% of adults regularly check their partners' online presence on social media or messaging platforms (Baker & Helm, 2011), while 32.6% to 45% monitor whom their partners communicate with or befriend (Reed et al., 2017). Despite the prevalence of cyberstalking in romantic relationships and its significant psychosocial costs for individuals and family systems, research on this topic remains limited in comparison to other online aggressive behaviors, such as cyberbullying or online harassment. Through a meta-analytic approach, Kar et al. (2021) underscored the urgent need for the design and validation of instruments specifically targeting intimate partner cyberstalking. Although some studies have addressed this issue (Marcum et al., 2017; Zweig et al., 2013), there is still a scarcity of psychometrically robust tools to measure cyberstalking or digital abuse (Smoker & March, 2017; Soto & Ibabe, 2022). To fill this gap, the Intimate Partner Cyberstalking Scale (IPCS) was developed and validated by Smoker and March (2017) to assess specific cyberstalking behaviors within romantic relationships. However, with a few exceptions, the psychometric properties of the IPCS have not been thoroughly examined across diverse populations. Given the pervasive influence of digital spaces on individuals' lives worldwide and their impact on marital relationships—and, consequently, family dynamics—the cultural adaptation and validation of scales like the IPCS are crucial for counselors, psychologists, and clinicians. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties, validate the IPCyS (Smoker & March, 2017), and culturally adapt it for use in Iran. Materials & Methods This study was fundamentally descriptive in purpose, employing a survey method for data collection and a correlational approach for data analysis, including both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The statistical population consisted of married teachers in Zanjan Province, Iran. A convenience sampling method was utilized to select 404 married teachers (279 women and 125 men). Prior to participating, individuals were informed about the study's objectives and assured of the confidentiality of their responses as they completed the scales electronically. The sample was divided into two groups: 202 participants for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and 202 for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The instruments used in this study included the 21-item unidimensional IPCS developed by Smoker and March (2017) and the 18-item Trust in Close Relationships (TCR) scale by Rempel et al. (1985), which assessed 3 components of trust. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, utilizing SPSS 27 and AMOS 26 software. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The EFA results revealed that the scale items loaded onto 3 distinct factors, each with eigenvalues of greater than 1, explaining 60% of the total variance. After applying varimax rotation, Items 2 and 7 were excluded due to cross-loadings, low correlations with total scores, and weak factor loadings observed during the CFA. The remaining 19 items were categorized into 3 factors: Surveillance, Action, and Control. This finding contrasted with the original unidimensional structure reported by Smoker and March (2017). In a similar vein, Da Silva et al. (2021) confirmed the unidimensionality of IPCS using a Portuguese-translated version in Brazil. However, EFA in the study of Mark et al. (2022), which involved Australian English speakers, identified a 3-factor structure with Passive, Invasive, and Duplicitous factors in their abbreviated multidimensional IPCS. The differing factor labels in the present study arose from unique item clustering within the factor structure and a greater alignment with cultural context. These findings supported the hypothesis that the IPCS was a culture-bound instrument, exhibiting varying factorial structures across culturally diverse samples. Internal consistency assessed by using Cronbach’s alpha was excellent (α = 0.93) for the full scale. Both convergent validity (measured by Average Variance Extracted (AVE)) and discriminant validity (indicated by the square root of AVE) were confirmed at the construct level. Additionally, multigroup factor analysis demonstrated gender invariance for the instrument. The magnitude and direction of Pearson’s correlation coefficients between intimate partner cyberstalking and marital trust further established criterion validity. Therefore, the Persian version of the 3-factor IPCS demonstrated robust reliability and validity for future research. Given the culturally embedded nature of cyberstalking behaviors, further studies are needed to explore their multidimensional aspects, particularly the underlying motivations. Introduction The widespread availability and accessibility of mobile phones, computers, and the Internet have equipped individuals with enhanced tools to surveil, harass, bully, and control their partners (Bailey et al., 2023). Research indicates that intimate partners are more frequent targets of cyberstalking compared to strangers (Dhillon et al., 2016). International studies reveal that between 42% and 49.9% of adults regularly check their partners' online presence on social media or messaging platforms (Baker & Helm, 2011), while 32.6% to 45% monitor whom their partners communicate with or befriend (Reed et al., 2017). Despite the prevalence of cyberstalking in romantic relationships and its significant psychosocial costs for individuals and family systems, research on this topic remains limited in comparison to other online aggressive behaviors, such as cyberbullying or online harassment. Through a meta-analytic approach, Kar et al. (2021) underscored the urgent need for the design and validation of instruments specifically targeting intimate partner cyberstalking. Although some studies have addressed this issue (Marcum et al., 2017; Zweig et al., 2013), there is still a scarcity of psychometrically robust tools to measure cyberstalking or digital abuse (Smoker & March, 2017; Soto & Ibabe, 2022). To fill this gap, the Intimate Partner Cyberstalking Scale (IPCS) was developed and validated by Smoker and March (2017) to assess specific cyberstalking behaviors within romantic relationships. However, with a few exceptions, the psychometric properties of the IPCS have not been thoroughly examined across diverse populations. Given the pervasive influence of digital spaces on individuals' lives worldwide and their impact on marital relationships—and, consequently, family dynamics—the cultural adaptation and validation of scales like the IPCS are crucial for counselors, psychologists, and clinicians. Therefore, the present study aimed to investigate the psychometric properties, validate the IPCyS (Smoker & March, 2017), and culturally adapt it for use in Iran. Materials & Methods This study was fundamentally descriptive in purpose, employing a survey method for data collection and a correlational approach for data analysis, including both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. The statistical population consisted of married teachers in Zanjan Province, Iran. A convenience sampling method was utilized to select 404 married teachers (279 women and 125 men). Prior to participating, individuals were informed about the study's objectives and assured of the confidentiality of their responses as they completed the scales electronically. The sample was divided into two groups: 202 participants for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and 202 for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). The instruments used in this study included the 21-item unidimensional IPCS developed by Smoker and March (2017) and the 18-item Trust in Close Relationships (TCR) scale by Rempel et al. (1985), which assessed 3 components of trust. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, Pearson’s correlation coefficient, and both exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses, utilizing SPSS 27 and AMOS 26 software. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The EFA results revealed that the scale items loaded onto 3 distinct factors, each with eigenvalues of greater than 1, explaining 60% of the total variance. After applying varimax rotation, Items 2 and 7 were excluded due to cross-loadings, low correlations with total scores, and weak factor loadings observed during the CFA. The remaining 19 items were categorized into 3 factors: Surveillance, Action, and Control. This finding contrasted with the original unidimensional structure reported by Smoker and March (2017). In a similar vein, Da Silva et al. (2021) confirmed the unidimensionality of IPCS using a Portuguese-translated version in Brazil. However, EFA in the study of Mark et al. (2022), which involved Australian English speakers, identified a 3-factor structure with Passive, Invasive, and Duplicitous factors in their abbreviated multidimensional IPCS. The differing factor labels in the present study arose from unique item clustering within the factor structure and a greater alignment with cultural context. These findings supported the hypothesis that the IPCS was a culture-bound instrument, exhibiting varying factorial structures across culturally diverse samples. Internal consistency assessed by using Cronbach’s alpha was excellent (α = 0.93) for the full scale. Both convergent validity (measured by Average Variance Extracted (AVE)) and discriminant validity (indicated by the square root of AVE) were confirmed at the construct level. Additionally, multigroup factor analysis demonstrated gender invariance for the instrument. The magnitude and direction of Pearson’s correlation coefficients between intimate partner cyberstalking and marital trust further established criterion validity. Therefore, the Persian version of the 3-factor IPCS demonstrated robust reliability and validity for future research. Given the culturally embedded nature of cyberstalking behaviors, further studies are needed to explore their multidimensional aspects, particularly the underlying motivations.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_29266_12a9b8d5685622a875ae85b65a68b58a.pdf