University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 14 2 2025 06 22 Life on the Edge: Challenges to Beginning Successful Aging Life on the Edge: Challenges to Beginning Successful Aging 1 22 29374 10.22108/srspi.2025.144086.2071 FA Fattaneh Hajilou Associate professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Tavakkol Aghayari Hir Associate professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Ali Pilvari Master of Sociology, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, University of Tabriz, Tabriz, Iran Journal Article 2025 01 19 Introduction In today's world, the elderly population is rapidly increasing in many countries; yet social policies for both urban and rural communities often overlook this critical issue. This neglect can lead to significant challenges in the future as the growing elderly demographic—often referred to as "population greying"—places additional burdens on governments to address social needs, urban development, and health and welfare services. In nations grappling with economic difficulties and the declining value of individual properties and assets, the elderly face heightened vulnerabilities due to limited access to resources and opportunities that enhance their quality of life. As a result, they require focused attention and support. Low per capita income in these countries exacerbates the situation as individuals without adequate savings often exit the labor market. Additionally, ineffective social insurance mechanisms impose crippling costs when challenges arise. Seniors frequently confront issues, such as reduced income, rising healthcare costs, and increasing living expenses, all of which can adversely affect their quality of life. By investigating the obstacles to achieving successful aging, this research aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of economic security and its pivotal role in fostering successful aging. Materials & Methods This study was a qualitative investigation into the challenges of successful aging conducted in the city of Arak. It aimed to analyze the primary issues faced by the elderly in achieving successful aging. The research employed a data-driven theoretical approach, involving 25 elderly residents of Arak, who voluntarily participated in in-depth interviews through purposeful sampling to ensure maximum diversity. Data collection and analysis occurred concurrently, with sampling ceasing once theoretical saturation was reached, meaning no new information was obtained from subsequent interviews. The research encompassed various neighborhoods to ensure diversity in age, gender, living area, marital status, income level, education, and occupation among participants. Inclusion criteria specified a minimum age of 65 years and the absence of observable cognitive and psychological issues. To enhance credibility of the study, the researcher utilized a multi-dimensional data collection approach and sought expert review. Two knowledgeable professors reviewed and analyzed the codes, data, and categories generated to ensure consistency with participants' statements. For data analysis, a constant comparative analysis method was employed, progressing through 3 stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings indicated that causal conditions, particularly livelihood challenges, along with two facilitating categories—referred to as governmental invisible actions and economic management—played a crucial role in the context of successful aging. To address the consequences of economic insecurity, such as diminished self-esteem, social isolation due to poverty, concerns about inflation and installment purchasing, and fears of rising prices and an uncertain future, financial management strategies were adopted as means to facilitate successful aging. Thus, ensuring the economic security of the elderly was essential for enhancing their quality of life, promoting successful aging, and alleviating the social challenges they faced. The behaviors and social actions of the elderly are significantly influenced by their economic status, a point well illustrated by the findings of this study. Respondents lacking sufficient economic security often felt compelled to alter their behaviors and adopt strategies aimed at achieving more favorable conditions for successful aging and improving their overall quality of life. This study underscored the precarious balance that elderly individuals navigated between economic security and insecurity, which was encapsulated in the theme of "life on the edge". Given the inevitability of economic insecurity in current conditions, government intervention was vital in improving the circumstances of this demographic class through both direct and indirect economic support. To this end, it is crucial to establish supportive policies for the elderly, including public services, such as recreational programs, accessible transportation, and utilization of cultural public spaces like libraries and museums. Additionally, providing supplementary insurance coverage, creating specialized healthcare facilities for the elderly, and offering financial resources for social projects targeting this group are essential considerations for social welfare policies aimed at achieving successful aging. Introduction In today's world, the elderly population is rapidly increasing in many countries; yet social policies for both urban and rural communities often overlook this critical issue. This neglect can lead to significant challenges in the future as the growing elderly demographic—often referred to as "population greying"—places additional burdens on governments to address social needs, urban development, and health and welfare services. In nations grappling with economic difficulties and the declining value of individual properties and assets, the elderly face heightened vulnerabilities due to limited access to resources and opportunities that enhance their quality of life. As a result, they require focused attention and support. Low per capita income in these countries exacerbates the situation as individuals without adequate savings often exit the labor market. Additionally, ineffective social insurance mechanisms impose crippling costs when challenges arise. Seniors frequently confront issues, such as reduced income, rising healthcare costs, and increasing living expenses, all of which can adversely affect their quality of life. By investigating the obstacles to achieving successful aging, this research aimed to provide a comprehensive understanding of economic security and its pivotal role in fostering successful aging. Materials & Methods This study was a qualitative investigation into the challenges of successful aging conducted in the city of Arak. It aimed to analyze the primary issues faced by the elderly in achieving successful aging. The research employed a data-driven theoretical approach, involving 25 elderly residents of Arak, who voluntarily participated in in-depth interviews through purposeful sampling to ensure maximum diversity. Data collection and analysis occurred concurrently, with sampling ceasing once theoretical saturation was reached, meaning no new information was obtained from subsequent interviews. The research encompassed various neighborhoods to ensure diversity in age, gender, living area, marital status, income level, education, and occupation among participants. Inclusion criteria specified a minimum age of 65 years and the absence of observable cognitive and psychological issues. To enhance credibility of the study, the researcher utilized a multi-dimensional data collection approach and sought expert review. Two knowledgeable professors reviewed and analyzed the codes, data, and categories generated to ensure consistency with participants' statements. For data analysis, a constant comparative analysis method was employed, progressing through 3 stages: open coding, axial coding, and selective coding. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings indicated that causal conditions, particularly livelihood challenges, along with two facilitating categories—referred to as governmental invisible actions and economic management—played a crucial role in the context of successful aging. To address the consequences of economic insecurity, such as diminished self-esteem, social isolation due to poverty, concerns about inflation and installment purchasing, and fears of rising prices and an uncertain future, financial management strategies were adopted as means to facilitate successful aging. Thus, ensuring the economic security of the elderly was essential for enhancing their quality of life, promoting successful aging, and alleviating the social challenges they faced. The behaviors and social actions of the elderly are significantly influenced by their economic status, a point well illustrated by the findings of this study. Respondents lacking sufficient economic security often felt compelled to alter their behaviors and adopt strategies aimed at achieving more favorable conditions for successful aging and improving their overall quality of life. This study underscored the precarious balance that elderly individuals navigated between economic security and insecurity, which was encapsulated in the theme of "life on the edge". Given the inevitability of economic insecurity in current conditions, government intervention was vital in improving the circumstances of this demographic class through both direct and indirect economic support. To this end, it is crucial to establish supportive policies for the elderly, including public services, such as recreational programs, accessible transportation, and utilization of cultural public spaces like libraries and museums. Additionally, providing supplementary insurance coverage, creating specialized healthcare facilities for the elderly, and offering financial resources for social projects targeting this group are essential considerations for social welfare policies aimed at achieving successful aging.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_29374_eacc8b49ad9d71a59eb4621df3cc48cb.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 14 2 2025 06 22 Rebellion against the University: A Qualitative Analysis of the Experience of Dissertation Ghostwriting in Iran Rebellion against the University: A Qualitative Analysis of the Experience of Dissertation Ghostwriting in Iran 23 46 29428 10.22108/srspi.2025.144177.2075 FA Reza Hemmati Associate professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Maryam Baharluoei Post-graduate in Sociology, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Science, Yazd university, Yazd, Iran Journal Article 2025 02 01 Introduction Ghostwriting has emerged as an international underground industry over the past few decades, posing a significant threat to the quality and reputation of universities worldwide. In Iran, this issue has become increasingly concerning, particularly in recent years. Ghostwriting often referred to as contract cheating represents a form of academic misconduct that undermines the integrity and standards of higher education, as well as the credibility of academic institutions. Generally, ghostwriting involves the access, purchase, exchange, or trade of written work, where the completion—either in whole or in part—is provided to a third party. Research on this topic in Iran is limited and even fewer studies have focused specifically on ghostwriters themselves. Consequently, the primary aim of this research was to investigate the motivations behind participation in ghostwriting, its consequences, and the mechanisms that facilitate its formation and proliferation. In other words, this study sought to fill a critical research gap by exploring the motivations of ghostwriters involved in the preparation and compilation of student theses, as well as the contextual factors contributing to the emergence of this phenomenon. Materials & Methods This study employed a qualitative approach, utilizing purposive sampling to select participants. The sample consisted of 15 graduate students from master's and doctoral programs at various universities and higher education institutions in the country, all of whom engaged in writing theses for clients in exchange for a fee. Most participants were unemployed and worked as lecturers at different universities. Data were collected through in-person and online semi-structured interviews, which were analyzed using thematic analysis. The interviewer aimed to conduct the interviews in a safe, comfortable, and quiet environment to ensure the collection of significant information without distractions. Interviews began with general questions before progressing to more specific and relevant inquiries to elicit critical information. To facilitate deeper understanding, exploratory questions, such as “Could you please elaborate?” and “Can you provide an example from your own experience?” were also included. Each interview lasted approximately 90 minutes. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The analyzed data revealed several significant motivations for ghostwriting. According to the findings, the primary incentive for college graduates to write dissertations for others was financial gain, which offered an avenue for income and financial independence. Financial pressures and the inability to secure employment could drive individuals to make choices that, while not morally justifiable, appeared financially appealing. Additionally, most participants identified a lack of job opportunities as a key motivation for becoming ghostwriters. Unemployment, economic strain, and feelings of social frustration, along with mental and emotional exhaustion, uncertainty, and a bleak outlook on the future, were factors that could explain the graduates' inclination to engage in ghostwriting. The second motivation identified was a desire for revenge against the education system, which was perceived as having contributed to their adverse circumstances. Many ghostwriters attributed their plight to misguided decisions made by educational institutions, such as the push for massification. This sentiment had resulted in psychological traumas, including depression, isolation, and frustration among participants. The third motivation related to the market dynamics surrounding thesis writing, which encouraged both students and ghostwriters to participate. The findings also indicated that ghostwriters often concealed their identities, using pseudonyms. This created a paradox where they experienced both satisfaction and dissatisfaction with their work. While some viewed ghostwriting as a mission or duty that assisted students in graduating, for most, the primary drivers remained unemployment and financial necessity. Ultimately, the persistence and expansion of this phenomenon could be attributed to the commodification of the thesis. The proliferation of ghostwriting served the interests of both parties involved and the market that had emerged around it. The students were relieved of the pressure to complete their theses, while the unemployed graduates found a source of income through this practice. Introduction Ghostwriting has emerged as an international underground industry over the past few decades, posing a significant threat to the quality and reputation of universities worldwide. In Iran, this issue has become increasingly concerning, particularly in recent years. Ghostwriting often referred to as contract cheating represents a form of academic misconduct that undermines the integrity and standards of higher education, as well as the credibility of academic institutions. Generally, ghostwriting involves the access, purchase, exchange, or trade of written work, where the completion—either in whole or in part—is provided to a third party. Research on this topic in Iran is limited and even fewer studies have focused specifically on ghostwriters themselves. Consequently, the primary aim of this research was to investigate the motivations behind participation in ghostwriting, its consequences, and the mechanisms that facilitate its formation and proliferation. In other words, this study sought to fill a critical research gap by exploring the motivations of ghostwriters involved in the preparation and compilation of student theses, as well as the contextual factors contributing to the emergence of this phenomenon. Materials & Methods This study employed a qualitative approach, utilizing purposive sampling to select participants. The sample consisted of 15 graduate students from master's and doctoral programs at various universities and higher education institutions in the country, all of whom engaged in writing theses for clients in exchange for a fee. Most participants were unemployed and worked as lecturers at different universities. Data were collected through in-person and online semi-structured interviews, which were analyzed using thematic analysis. The interviewer aimed to conduct the interviews in a safe, comfortable, and quiet environment to ensure the collection of significant information without distractions. Interviews began with general questions before progressing to more specific and relevant inquiries to elicit critical information. To facilitate deeper understanding, exploratory questions, such as “Could you please elaborate?” and “Can you provide an example from your own experience?” were also included. Each interview lasted approximately 90 minutes. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The analyzed data revealed several significant motivations for ghostwriting. According to the findings, the primary incentive for college graduates to write dissertations for others was financial gain, which offered an avenue for income and financial independence. Financial pressures and the inability to secure employment could drive individuals to make choices that, while not morally justifiable, appeared financially appealing. Additionally, most participants identified a lack of job opportunities as a key motivation for becoming ghostwriters. Unemployment, economic strain, and feelings of social frustration, along with mental and emotional exhaustion, uncertainty, and a bleak outlook on the future, were factors that could explain the graduates' inclination to engage in ghostwriting. The second motivation identified was a desire for revenge against the education system, which was perceived as having contributed to their adverse circumstances. Many ghostwriters attributed their plight to misguided decisions made by educational institutions, such as the push for massification. This sentiment had resulted in psychological traumas, including depression, isolation, and frustration among participants. The third motivation related to the market dynamics surrounding thesis writing, which encouraged both students and ghostwriters to participate. The findings also indicated that ghostwriters often concealed their identities, using pseudonyms. This created a paradox where they experienced both satisfaction and dissatisfaction with their work. While some viewed ghostwriting as a mission or duty that assisted students in graduating, for most, the primary drivers remained unemployment and financial necessity. Ultimately, the persistence and expansion of this phenomenon could be attributed to the commodification of the thesis. The proliferation of ghostwriting served the interests of both parties involved and the market that had emerged around it. The students were relieved of the pressure to complete their theses, while the unemployed graduates found a source of income through this practice.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_29428_dd92af8507464bbd2e35695f2a6ccb9c.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 14 2 2025 06 22 Understanding the Phenomenon of Smuggling from the Perspective of Activists Known as “Shoti” Understanding the Phenomenon of Smuggling from the Perspective of Activists Known as “Shoti” 47 66 29395 10.22108/srspi.2025.142768.2066 FA Ali Feizolahi Assistant professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, Ilam University , Ilam, Iran Zahra Rezaeinasab Associate professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, Ilam University, Ilam, Iran 0000-0002-8766-7523 Shabnam Yari M.A. in Cultural Studies, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Humanities, Ilam University , Ilam, Iran Journal Article 2024 12 28 Introduction Smuggling refers to the clandestine import and export of goods across a country's borders. This illicit activity is often motivated by various factors, such as tax evasion or the desire to bypass laws that prohibit the importation of certain items. As a criminal offense, smuggling presents numerous security challenges and encompasses a range of different types. This article focused on the importation of goods through non-customs entry points and their subsequent distribution in key markets within the country. Due to its illegal and secretive nature, precise figures on the volume and rate of smuggling are elusive. However, studies indicate a consistent increase in the volume of smuggled imported goods in Iran. Over the past decade, economic activities centered on commodity smuggling have emerged as a significant issue in the country. Lorestan Province serves as a pivotal route for the transportation of smuggled goods with smugglers known as Shoti-savar, transporting goods from southern ports to major cities, such as Tehran, Qom, and Isfahan. A substantial portion of those involved in this practice are young individuals from Pol-e-Dokhtar City, which was the focal point of this study. The primary aim of this research was to identify the underlying reasons and contexts that contributed to the emergence and persistence of this phenomenon as seen through the perspectives of these Shoti activists (Shoti-savaran) and to explore its implications for their lives. Materials & Methods The primary objective of this research was to understand the scope of the phenomenon of Shoti from the perspective of key activists in this field. To achieve this, a grounded theory approach was employed. The target population consisted of Shoti activists residing in the city of Pol-e-Dokhtar, Lorestan Province, who possessed at least 3 years of experience in commodity smuggling and were actively engaged in this work at the time of the study. The research sample comprised 14 individuals selected through the snowball sampling method based on the criterion of theoretical saturation. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and the analysis was conducted through coding by following the Strauss and Corbin method. This analysis involved coding that led to the identification of 226 concepts, 43 sub-categories, and 15 main categories. To ensure validity, the acceptability criterion was applied, which emphasized the researcher's ongoing engagement with the data, external review, and comparison with existing literature and expert opinions. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings of this research revealed several causal conditions influencing engagement in smuggling. Hardship living encompassed financial difficulties, family economic instability, and poverty, which were often compelling reasons for individuals to resort to smuggling. Job insecurity reflected the challenges faced by the unemployed due to rising unemployment rates, stemming from a lack of job opportunities or job loss. Additionally, struggling to make a living signified economic instability and the inability to achieve a minimum standard of well-being, driving individuals toward risky and illegal paths. Background conditions included structuralization of smuggling, which referred to the circumstances that not only pushed individuals into smuggling, but also created opportunities for it. Economic underdevelopment highlighted the economic disparity of the studied region compared to more developed areas of the country. Intervening conditions included a facilitating network, perceived utility of the Shoti lifestyle, and normalization of smuggling. This normalization indicated that the desire to earn a living—despite being viewed as a deviant act—had led smugglers to adopt strategies, such as group organization, lawbreaking, and unequal participation. These actions had resulted in consequences including family disorganization, a precarious existence, and experiences of social exclusion. Overall, this form of economic activism suggested that the livelihoods of a segment of the workforce in the country were linked to petty smuggling. A comprehensive analysis of the research findings indicated that socio-economic factors, governmental institutional incapacity, and a deep-rooted cultural tradition within the community had fostered a perspective that viewed smuggling as an opportunity rather than merely a crime. Introduction Smuggling refers to the clandestine import and export of goods across a country's borders. This illicit activity is often motivated by various factors, such as tax evasion or the desire to bypass laws that prohibit the importation of certain items. As a criminal offense, smuggling presents numerous security challenges and encompasses a range of different types. This article focused on the importation of goods through non-customs entry points and their subsequent distribution in key markets within the country. Due to its illegal and secretive nature, precise figures on the volume and rate of smuggling are elusive. However, studies indicate a consistent increase in the volume of smuggled imported goods in Iran. Over the past decade, economic activities centered on commodity smuggling have emerged as a significant issue in the country. Lorestan Province serves as a pivotal route for the transportation of smuggled goods with smugglers known as Shoti-savar, transporting goods from southern ports to major cities, such as Tehran, Qom, and Isfahan. A substantial portion of those involved in this practice are young individuals from Pol-e-Dokhtar City, which was the focal point of this study. The primary aim of this research was to identify the underlying reasons and contexts that contributed to the emergence and persistence of this phenomenon as seen through the perspectives of these Shoti activists (Shoti-savaran) and to explore its implications for their lives. Materials & Methods The primary objective of this research was to understand the scope of the phenomenon of Shoti from the perspective of key activists in this field. To achieve this, a grounded theory approach was employed. The target population consisted of Shoti activists residing in the city of Pol-e-Dokhtar, Lorestan Province, who possessed at least 3 years of experience in commodity smuggling and were actively engaged in this work at the time of the study. The research sample comprised 14 individuals selected through the snowball sampling method based on the criterion of theoretical saturation. Data were collected using semi-structured interviews and the analysis was conducted through coding by following the Strauss and Corbin method. This analysis involved coding that led to the identification of 226 concepts, 43 sub-categories, and 15 main categories. To ensure validity, the acceptability criterion was applied, which emphasized the researcher's ongoing engagement with the data, external review, and comparison with existing literature and expert opinions. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings of this research revealed several causal conditions influencing engagement in smuggling. Hardship living encompassed financial difficulties, family economic instability, and poverty, which were often compelling reasons for individuals to resort to smuggling. Job insecurity reflected the challenges faced by the unemployed due to rising unemployment rates, stemming from a lack of job opportunities or job loss. Additionally, struggling to make a living signified economic instability and the inability to achieve a minimum standard of well-being, driving individuals toward risky and illegal paths. Background conditions included structuralization of smuggling, which referred to the circumstances that not only pushed individuals into smuggling, but also created opportunities for it. Economic underdevelopment highlighted the economic disparity of the studied region compared to more developed areas of the country. Intervening conditions included a facilitating network, perceived utility of the Shoti lifestyle, and normalization of smuggling. This normalization indicated that the desire to earn a living—despite being viewed as a deviant act—had led smugglers to adopt strategies, such as group organization, lawbreaking, and unequal participation. These actions had resulted in consequences including family disorganization, a precarious existence, and experiences of social exclusion. Overall, this form of economic activism suggested that the livelihoods of a segment of the workforce in the country were linked to petty smuggling. A comprehensive analysis of the research findings indicated that socio-economic factors, governmental institutional incapacity, and a deep-rooted cultural tradition within the community had fostered a perspective that viewed smuggling as an opportunity rather than merely a crime.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_29395_242ae48d0988ad8590198afa72117e13.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 14 2 2025 06 22 Communication: Solutions to Achieving Knowledge Capitalization Communication: Solutions to Achieving Knowledge Capitalization 67 88 29449 10.22108/srspi.2025.143294.2048 FA Alihossein Hosseinzadeh Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Karim Rezadost Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Sajad Bahmani Assistant professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Ali Arabi Assistant Professor, Department of Social Sciences; Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences; Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz; Ahvaz; Iran. Mehran Bondori Ph.D. student Sociology, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Economics and Social Sciences, Shahid Chamran University of Ahvaz, Ahvaz, Iran Journal Article 2024 11 06 Introduction In today's world, knowledge and technology serve as the primary drivers of economic, industrial, and social development. Technological innovations are advancing at an unprecedented pace, reshaping lifestyles, production methods, and societal thought patterns. Within this context, universities play a crucial role in generating knowledge and training specialized human resources. Their collaboration with industry is widely recognized as one of the most effective means of translating knowledge into practical application. Despite Iran's significant scientific capacity, which includes over 2,138 higher education institutions and ranks 15th globally in scientific production, the connection between universities and industry remains weak. The country ranks 128th worldwide in this regard, highlighting an underutilization of university-generated knowledge to address the pressing challenges faced by its industry and economy. Additionally, despite its rich natural resources, Iran has primarily relied on the sale of raw materials due to shortcomings in technological exploitation, failing to develop high-yield processing industries. In this context, establishing a robust connection between academia and industry is not only essential for economic development, but also a vital strategy for enhancing employment, increasing productivity, reducing resource waste, and bolstering the country's economic resilience against sanctions and global crises. Materials & Methods In this study, a data-driven research methodology was employed. The research was conducted in Khuzestan Province, involving 44 provincial elites, including university professors and managers from knowledge-based companies and technology units. Participants were selected through theoretical and purposive sampling methods, with the theoretical sampling process continuing until saturation was achieved. Data collection involved in-depth and semi-structured interviews, while data analysis was conducted using theoretical coding techniques. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The results of this research revealed several key factors contributing to the persistent disconnect between industry and academia in Iran. These included government ownership of industries, a lack of prioritization for research within organizations, overreliance on government funding by universities, and inadequacy of internal research and technology centers within industries. Additionally, the focus on domestic markets for produced goods, a predominance of theoretical approaches over application-oriented methodologies in universities, and a misalignment between industry and educational institutions further exacerbated this issue. One of the most pressing challenges identified was the state-owned nature of the nation's economic structure, which limited competition among state-run companies. In this environment, industry managers were typically appointed by the government and received extensive financial support, encouraging a reliance on government budgets rather than fostering performance improvement and innovation. This dynamic diminished incentives for leveraging university resources and scientific expertise within the industry. Moreover, the abundance of natural resources, particularly oil, had intensified this reliance on primary production activities, detracting from efforts to innovate and adopt new technologies. As a result, industries experienced stagnation in innovation and a decline in product quality. In many sectors, research was often conducted more for show than for practical application, failing to enhance production processes or product quality. The structural organization of universities in Iran was primarily driven by governmental needs rather than regional planning and industrial requirements. This misalignment reduced incentives for universities to collaborate with industries in pursuit of income and credibility. Furthermore, the emphasis on theoretical education over practical applications hindered the development of effective connections between university and industry. Consequently, much university research remained unutilized, serving merely as a showcase. Additional barriers to collaboration stemmed from structural issues within organizations and industries, where internal research often yielded no tangible results. These challenges ultimately obstructed the establishment of a productive relationship between academia and industry in Iran. Therefore, this research underscores the urgent need for structural reforms in both the university and industry sectors to address these gaps and promote effective collaborations that will drive technological and innovative development in the country. Introduction In today's world, knowledge and technology serve as the primary drivers of economic, industrial, and social development. Technological innovations are advancing at an unprecedented pace, reshaping lifestyles, production methods, and societal thought patterns. Within this context, universities play a crucial role in generating knowledge and training specialized human resources. Their collaboration with industry is widely recognized as one of the most effective means of translating knowledge into practical application. Despite Iran's significant scientific capacity, which includes over 2,138 higher education institutions and ranks 15th globally in scientific production, the connection between universities and industry remains weak. The country ranks 128th worldwide in this regard, highlighting an underutilization of university-generated knowledge to address the pressing challenges faced by its industry and economy. Additionally, despite its rich natural resources, Iran has primarily relied on the sale of raw materials due to shortcomings in technological exploitation, failing to develop high-yield processing industries. In this context, establishing a robust connection between academia and industry is not only essential for economic development, but also a vital strategy for enhancing employment, increasing productivity, reducing resource waste, and bolstering the country's economic resilience against sanctions and global crises. Materials & Methods In this study, a data-driven research methodology was employed. The research was conducted in Khuzestan Province, involving 44 provincial elites, including university professors and managers from knowledge-based companies and technology units. Participants were selected through theoretical and purposive sampling methods, with the theoretical sampling process continuing until saturation was achieved. Data collection involved in-depth and semi-structured interviews, while data analysis was conducted using theoretical coding techniques. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The results of this research revealed several key factors contributing to the persistent disconnect between industry and academia in Iran. These included government ownership of industries, a lack of prioritization for research within organizations, overreliance on government funding by universities, and inadequacy of internal research and technology centers within industries. Additionally, the focus on domestic markets for produced goods, a predominance of theoretical approaches over application-oriented methodologies in universities, and a misalignment between industry and educational institutions further exacerbated this issue. One of the most pressing challenges identified was the state-owned nature of the nation's economic structure, which limited competition among state-run companies. In this environment, industry managers were typically appointed by the government and received extensive financial support, encouraging a reliance on government budgets rather than fostering performance improvement and innovation. This dynamic diminished incentives for leveraging university resources and scientific expertise within the industry. Moreover, the abundance of natural resources, particularly oil, had intensified this reliance on primary production activities, detracting from efforts to innovate and adopt new technologies. As a result, industries experienced stagnation in innovation and a decline in product quality. In many sectors, research was often conducted more for show than for practical application, failing to enhance production processes or product quality. The structural organization of universities in Iran was primarily driven by governmental needs rather than regional planning and industrial requirements. This misalignment reduced incentives for universities to collaborate with industries in pursuit of income and credibility. Furthermore, the emphasis on theoretical education over practical applications hindered the development of effective connections between university and industry. Consequently, much university research remained unutilized, serving merely as a showcase. Additional barriers to collaboration stemmed from structural issues within organizations and industries, where internal research often yielded no tangible results. These challenges ultimately obstructed the establishment of a productive relationship between academia and industry in Iran. Therefore, this research underscores the urgent need for structural reforms in both the university and industry sectors to address these gaps and promote effective collaborations that will drive technological and innovative development in the country.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_29449_79765723ea3f29fd9ddf760dea504315.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 14 2 2025 06 22 Women's Lived Experiences of Sexual and Reproductive Health Challenges in Temporary Marriage: A Phenomenological Study Women's Lived Experiences of Sexual and Reproductive Health Challenges in Temporary Marriage: A Phenomenological Study 89 122 29397 10.22108/srspi.2025.142931.2040 FA Fatemeh Ghasemi M.A. in Women’s Studies, Department of Women Studies, Faculty of Theology and Education of Ahl al-Bayt, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Ghodratolah Khosroshahi Associate professor, Department of Law, Faculty of Administrative Sciences and Economics, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Amir Ghamarani Associate professor, Department of Psychology and Education of Children with Special Needs, Faculty of Education and Psychology, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Mahnaz Noroozi Associate professor, Department of Midwifery and Reproductive Health, Faculty of Nursing and Midwifery, Isfahan University of Medical Sciences, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2024 10 08 Introduction Temporary marriage can address the sexual needs and health of couples; however, it may also present significant sexual and reproductive health challenges for women. Factors, such as low self-esteem, traditional gender beliefs, and a lack of sexual awareness, often contribute to women's silence and passivity regarding unsafe sex, leading to various harms in temporary marriages. Identifying these challenges related to women's sexual and reproductive health is crucial for developing effective solutions. Previous research has not independently explored this issue using the phenomenological method in women with experience in temporary marriage. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate women's lived experiences of sexual and reproductive health challenges within the context of temporary marriage through a phenomenological approach. Materials & Methods This research employed a qualitative methodology with an interpretative-phenomenological approach. The target group consisted of women residing in Isfahan, who had experienced at least one temporary marriage. Purposeful sampling was conducted with maximum variation, utilizing the snowball method to identify participants. To achieve data saturation, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with a sample of 12 women. Given the study's focus on describing the lived experiences of women facing sexual and reproductive health challenges in temporary marriages, the phenomenological approach, specifically the Diekelman method, was employed to capture and illustrate their experiences. To ensure the rigor and trustworthiness of the data, the criteria of credibility, confirmability, dependability, and transferability were applied. Discussion of Results & Conclusion During data analysis, 114 open codes were identified from a total of 273 codes, resulting in 12 categories and 3 main themes. The first theme, "Unintended Pregnancy and the Heavy Burden of Abortion Decisions", encompassed 4 categories: Imposition of Abortion and Lack of Male Responsibility and Support for Women Enduring Psychological and Physical Suffering Post-Abortion Physiological Stress Induced by Unintended Abortions Environmental and Social Constraints on Supporting Women's Reproductive Health The second theme, "Negligence in Maintaining Sexual Health", included 4 categories: Ongoing Unawareness and Escalating Sexual Health Issues Women's Sexual Awareness and Attitudes Limited by Societal and Cultural Pressures Sexual Attitudes Shaped by Social Interactions Interconnectedness of the Body and Sexual Health The third theme, "Engaging in High-Risk Sexual Behaviors", consisted of 4 categories: Evolution of High-Risk Sexual Behaviors over Time Instrumentalization of the Body in High-Risk Sexual Relationships Emergence of Unintended High-Risk Sexual Relationships in Uncertain Environments Women’s Passivity in High-Risk Sexual InteractionsOverall, the findings suggested that various factors contributed to the challenges faced by women in temporary marriages. These included societal stigma surrounding temporary marriage, women's sexual passivity in relationships lacking male commitment rooted in patriarchal culture, difficulties in negotiating with men, traditional gender roles, insufficient sexual health education, and prevalence of harmful sexual attitudes. Consequently, these factors had led to unwanted pregnancies and coerced abortions, as well as increased engagement in risky sexual behaviors. Women in temporary marriages often experienced both physical and psychological harm from abortions and their involvement in high-risk sexual activities coupled with inadequate access to sexual healthcare heightened their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections, and unintended pregnancies. Introduction Temporary marriage can address the sexual needs and health of couples; however, it may also present significant sexual and reproductive health challenges for women. Factors, such as low self-esteem, traditional gender beliefs, and a lack of sexual awareness, often contribute to women's silence and passivity regarding unsafe sex, leading to various harms in temporary marriages. Identifying these challenges related to women's sexual and reproductive health is crucial for developing effective solutions. Previous research has not independently explored this issue using the phenomenological method in women with experience in temporary marriage. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate women's lived experiences of sexual and reproductive health challenges within the context of temporary marriage through a phenomenological approach. Materials & Methods This research employed a qualitative methodology with an interpretative-phenomenological approach. The target group consisted of women residing in Isfahan, who had experienced at least one temporary marriage. Purposeful sampling was conducted with maximum variation, utilizing the snowball method to identify participants. To achieve data saturation, semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with a sample of 12 women. Given the study's focus on describing the lived experiences of women facing sexual and reproductive health challenges in temporary marriages, the phenomenological approach, specifically the Diekelman method, was employed to capture and illustrate their experiences. To ensure the rigor and trustworthiness of the data, the criteria of credibility, confirmability, dependability, and transferability were applied. Discussion of Results & Conclusion During data analysis, 114 open codes were identified from a total of 273 codes, resulting in 12 categories and 3 main themes. The first theme, "Unintended Pregnancy and the Heavy Burden of Abortion Decisions", encompassed 4 categories: Imposition of Abortion and Lack of Male Responsibility and Support for Women Enduring Psychological and Physical Suffering Post-Abortion Physiological Stress Induced by Unintended Abortions Environmental and Social Constraints on Supporting Women's Reproductive Health The second theme, "Negligence in Maintaining Sexual Health", included 4 categories: Ongoing Unawareness and Escalating Sexual Health Issues Women's Sexual Awareness and Attitudes Limited by Societal and Cultural Pressures Sexual Attitudes Shaped by Social Interactions Interconnectedness of the Body and Sexual Health The third theme, "Engaging in High-Risk Sexual Behaviors", consisted of 4 categories: Evolution of High-Risk Sexual Behaviors over Time Instrumentalization of the Body in High-Risk Sexual Relationships Emergence of Unintended High-Risk Sexual Relationships in Uncertain Environments Women’s Passivity in High-Risk Sexual InteractionsOverall, the findings suggested that various factors contributed to the challenges faced by women in temporary marriages. These included societal stigma surrounding temporary marriage, women's sexual passivity in relationships lacking male commitment rooted in patriarchal culture, difficulties in negotiating with men, traditional gender roles, insufficient sexual health education, and prevalence of harmful sexual attitudes. Consequently, these factors had led to unwanted pregnancies and coerced abortions, as well as increased engagement in risky sexual behaviors. Women in temporary marriages often experienced both physical and psychological harm from abortions and their involvement in high-risk sexual activities coupled with inadequate access to sexual healthcare heightened their vulnerability to HIV/AIDS, sexually transmitted infections, and unintended pregnancies.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_29397_fda7285437cc5526481ba712cce7406f.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 14 2 2025 06 22 Workplace Incivility and Job Alienation: Analyzing the Mediating Role of Social Capital and the Moderating Role of Psychological Capital Workplace Incivility and Job Alienation: Analyzing the Mediating Role of Social Capital and the Moderating Role of Psychological Capital 123 146 29518 10.22108/srspi.2025.144630.2094 FA Fariborz Fathi Chegeni Assistant professor, Department of Management, Faculty of Management and Economics, University of Lorestan, Khorramabad, Iran Mostafa OmidNezhad Ph.D. student in Organizational Behavior Management, Faculty of Management and Economics, University of Lorestan, Khorramabad, Iran Journal Article 2025 03 10 Introduction Office jobs can often feel burdensome, leading to a state where employees carry their worries and concerns only while at work. Once they leave the workplace, it is as if they transform into different individuals. This suggests that their presence in the office is more about obligation than genuine engagement, with their work serving merely as a means to sustain life. This phenomenon known as job alienation is becoming increasingly prevalent in today’s society. Job alienation refers to feelings of detachment, disinterest, and a lack of enthusiasm for one’s work or organizational tasks. The concept of alienation is widely recognized in psychology, sociology, and philosophy. Despite advancements in various fields, humans remain the cornerstone of any organization; thus, an organization success in achieving its goals hinges on its treatment of its employees and how effectively these individuals are utilized. The negative consequences of job alienation are significant for both organizations and employees. This issue can lead to decreased productivity, higher rates of job turnover, diminished organizational commitment, and adverse effects on employees' mental health. From an organizational perspective, job alienation hinders the achievement of goals by lowering motivation and a sense of belonging, ultimately imposing considerable costs. Non-economic factors, such as the quality of work relationships, organizational justice, workplace culture, and interpersonal interactions, play a crucial role in either fostering or alleviating job alienation. Material & Methods This study was applied in purpose and classified as descriptive causal research. The data collected were quantitative by utilizing a questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of all employees from the headquarters offices of Lorestan Province located in Khorramabad, totaling 1,350 individuals during the years 2024-2025. To determine the sample size, we used the Krejcie & Morgan table. Based on the population size, a sampling error of 5%, and a confidence level of 95%, the required sample size was calculated to be 300 individuals. To refine the sample size further, we employed SPSS Sample Power software. Assuming a test power of 0.80 and a medium effect size (0.3), the software also suggested a sample size of 296, which aligned closely with our initial estimate of 300. This sample was selected using a stratified random sampling method. To measure workplace incivility, we utilized the Blau & Andersson (2005) questionnaire, which comprised 7 items. For assessing job alienation, we employed the Nair & Vohra (2009) questionnaire, consisting of 8 items. The Nahapiet & Ghoshal (1998) questionnaire was used to evaluate social capital. Finally, the Youssef & Luthans (2007) questionnaire was applied to measure psychological capital. Discussion of Results & Conclusion This study explored the impact of workplace incivility on employees' job alienation, considering the mediating role of social capital and the moderating role of psychological capital. Five hypotheses were proposed and analysis of the statistical data confirmed all five. The first hypothesis stated that workplace incivility had a positive and significant effect on employees' job alienation. The data analysis supported this hypothesis. Workplace incivility encompassed behaviors, such as disrespect, humiliation, sarcasm, and neglect—any negative interaction that questioned an individual’s value and status in the workplace. The second hypothesis suggested that workplace incivility negatively affected social capital. The results confirmed this as well. Social capital in the workplace refers to a network of relationships built on mutual trust, cooperation, knowledge sharing, and shared norms, all of which enhance organizational cohesion and efficiency. Workplace incivility undermines trust, the foundation of social capital. The third hypothesis posited that social capital negatively affected employees' job alienation and the data analysis supported this claim. Social capital reduces job alienation by fostering support networks and enhancing a sense of belonging. This inverse relationship can be understood from several perspectives. Job alienation arises when individuals perceive their work as meaningless or disconnected from their environment. In contrast, social capital mitigates these negative feelings by offering resources like trust and collaboration. The fourth hypothesis proposed that workplace incivility negatively affected employees' job alienation through social capital. The data analysis confirmed this hypothesis. It suggested a mediating mechanism, in which workplace incivility indirectly increased job alienation by diminishing social capital. This relationship could be understood through a step-by-step analysis: first, incivility as an independent variable weakened social capital. As noted in the second hypothesis, behaviors, such as disrespect and contempt, undermined trust and cooperation among employees, disrupting intra-organizational social networks and diminishing social capital. Subsequently, the reduction of social capital acting as a mediating variable exacerbated job alienation. When support networks and trust were eroded, individuals might feel isolated and unsupported in the workplace. This sense of social isolation weakened their connection to the organization, leading to feelings of meaninglessness and disengagement from work. The fifth hypothesis stated that psychological capital moderated the effect of workplace incivility on employees' job alienation. The analysis of the research data supported this hypothesis. Psychological capital as an internal resource equips individuals to cope with environmental challenges, such as disrespect. Specifically, individuals with high self-efficacy may not perceive disrespect as a personal affront and possess the confidence to manage such situations effectively. Introduction Office jobs can often feel burdensome, leading to a state where employees carry their worries and concerns only while at work. Once they leave the workplace, it is as if they transform into different individuals. This suggests that their presence in the office is more about obligation than genuine engagement, with their work serving merely as a means to sustain life. This phenomenon known as job alienation is becoming increasingly prevalent in today’s society. Job alienation refers to feelings of detachment, disinterest, and a lack of enthusiasm for one’s work or organizational tasks. The concept of alienation is widely recognized in psychology, sociology, and philosophy. Despite advancements in various fields, humans remain the cornerstone of any organization; thus, an organization success in achieving its goals hinges on its treatment of its employees and how effectively these individuals are utilized. The negative consequences of job alienation are significant for both organizations and employees. This issue can lead to decreased productivity, higher rates of job turnover, diminished organizational commitment, and adverse effects on employees' mental health. From an organizational perspective, job alienation hinders the achievement of goals by lowering motivation and a sense of belonging, ultimately imposing considerable costs. Non-economic factors, such as the quality of work relationships, organizational justice, workplace culture, and interpersonal interactions, play a crucial role in either fostering or alleviating job alienation. Material & Methods This study was applied in purpose and classified as descriptive causal research. The data collected were quantitative by utilizing a questionnaire. The statistical population consisted of all employees from the headquarters offices of Lorestan Province located in Khorramabad, totaling 1,350 individuals during the years 2024-2025. To determine the sample size, we used the Krejcie & Morgan table. Based on the population size, a sampling error of 5%, and a confidence level of 95%, the required sample size was calculated to be 300 individuals. To refine the sample size further, we employed SPSS Sample Power software. Assuming a test power of 0.80 and a medium effect size (0.3), the software also suggested a sample size of 296, which aligned closely with our initial estimate of 300. This sample was selected using a stratified random sampling method. To measure workplace incivility, we utilized the Blau & Andersson (2005) questionnaire, which comprised 7 items. For assessing job alienation, we employed the Nair & Vohra (2009) questionnaire, consisting of 8 items. The Nahapiet & Ghoshal (1998) questionnaire was used to evaluate social capital. Finally, the Youssef & Luthans (2007) questionnaire was applied to measure psychological capital. Discussion of Results & Conclusion This study explored the impact of workplace incivility on employees' job alienation, considering the mediating role of social capital and the moderating role of psychological capital. Five hypotheses were proposed and analysis of the statistical data confirmed all five. The first hypothesis stated that workplace incivility had a positive and significant effect on employees' job alienation. The data analysis supported this hypothesis. Workplace incivility encompassed behaviors, such as disrespect, humiliation, sarcasm, and neglect—any negative interaction that questioned an individual’s value and status in the workplace. The second hypothesis suggested that workplace incivility negatively affected social capital. The results confirmed this as well. Social capital in the workplace refers to a network of relationships built on mutual trust, cooperation, knowledge sharing, and shared norms, all of which enhance organizational cohesion and efficiency. Workplace incivility undermines trust, the foundation of social capital. The third hypothesis posited that social capital negatively affected employees' job alienation and the data analysis supported this claim. Social capital reduces job alienation by fostering support networks and enhancing a sense of belonging. This inverse relationship can be understood from several perspectives. Job alienation arises when individuals perceive their work as meaningless or disconnected from their environment. In contrast, social capital mitigates these negative feelings by offering resources like trust and collaboration. The fourth hypothesis proposed that workplace incivility negatively affected employees' job alienation through social capital. The data analysis confirmed this hypothesis. It suggested a mediating mechanism, in which workplace incivility indirectly increased job alienation by diminishing social capital. This relationship could be understood through a step-by-step analysis: first, incivility as an independent variable weakened social capital. As noted in the second hypothesis, behaviors, such as disrespect and contempt, undermined trust and cooperation among employees, disrupting intra-organizational social networks and diminishing social capital. Subsequently, the reduction of social capital acting as a mediating variable exacerbated job alienation. When support networks and trust were eroded, individuals might feel isolated and unsupported in the workplace. This sense of social isolation weakened their connection to the organization, leading to feelings of meaninglessness and disengagement from work. The fifth hypothesis stated that psychological capital moderated the effect of workplace incivility on employees' job alienation. The analysis of the research data supported this hypothesis. Psychological capital as an internal resource equips individuals to cope with environmental challenges, such as disrespect. Specifically, individuals with high self-efficacy may not perceive disrespect as a personal affront and possess the confidence to manage such situations effectively.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_29518_35dda1b3460e88d788b7c49eb3c9ee33.pdf