University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 14 3 2025 09 23 Sociological Explanation of the Relationship Quality of Infertile Couples Undergoing Donated IVF Treatment Based on Economic Support, Emphasizing the Mediating Role of Mental Health Sociological Explanation of the Relationship Quality of Infertile Couples Undergoing Donated IVF Treatment Based on Economic Support, Emphasizing the Mediating Role of Mental Health 1 28 29430 10.22108/srspi.2025.143438.2054 FA Heider Zafari Ph.D. student, Department of Sociology, Islamic Azad University, Dehaghan Branch, Dehaghan, Iran Aliasghar Mohajerani Assistant professor, Department of Sociology, Islamic Azad University, Dehaghan Branch, Dehaghan, Iran Seyeed Nasser Hejazi Assistant professor, Department of Sociology, Islamic Azad University, Dehaghan Branch, Dehaghan, Iran Journal Article 2024 11 19 Introduction The family as the smallest and most fundamental social institution has played a crucial role in the creation and survival of society. It has consistently been the focus of scholars across various disciplines, including sociology. Relationships within the family are considered one of the most significant aspects of social interactions among individuals. The quality of relationships between couples is a key determinant of family health and influences society's expectations regarding family functioning (Taghizadeh Firouzjaei et al., 2017). One critical issue affecting family health is childbearing. Fertility rates in many countries worldwide have fallen below replacement levels due to widespread economic and social changes. Consequently, infertility has become a pressing social concern, leading to psychological distress among couples and, in some cases, dissolution of relationships. The World Health Organization has identified infertility as a major health issue (Hasanpoor-Azghady et al., 2019). Infertile couples often experience stress and depression, both individually and interdependently. This stress can manifest in various psychological problems, including depression, isolation, shame, and feeling of inadequacy, ultimately increasing the risk of divorce (Shakeri et al., 2006). While there is a general consensus that women's roles and identities should not be defined solely by their reproductive capabilities, in many societies, femininity is often associated with motherhood. This perception can be a significant means for women to elevate their status within the family and society (Hasanpoor-Azghady et al., 2019). To address infertility, many couples turn to assisted reproductive technologies. However, the high costs associated with diagnosing and treating infertility are the major factors influencing couples' decisions to pursue or abandon treatment. The lack of adequate financial support can impose considerable economic burdens on these individuals, compounding the stress associated with infertility. Infertility treatment is typically long-term and expensive. Couples must be prepared to face emotions, such as anger, fatigue, and the potential failure of various treatment methods. Some may feel insecure and lose their sense of privacy (Shakeri et al., 2006). Additionally, couples undergoing infertility treatment through donor IVF methods frequently encounter significant economic challenges. While assisted reproductive technologies like donor IVF can enhance the likelihood of pregnancy, they can also lead to substantial financial strain. These costs encompass both direct expenses related to the treatment process and indirect costs. Concerns about meeting treatment expenses can generate significant stress and anxiety, negatively impacting the quality of couples' relationships. Materials & Methods The research method employed in this study emphasized the measurability of variables and the ability to estimate the intensity and direction of relationships between phenomena, classifying it within quantitative methods. This study was cross-sectional, meaning it was conducted at a single point in time without plans for replication after a certain period. In terms of the unit of analysis, the research operated at the micro level, focusing specifically on family units (husband and wife). Data collection was carried out through a survey study, which fell under non-experimental methods. The statistical population consisted of all infertile couples seeking assistance from infertility centers in Isfahan. This included both men and women, who visited the Isfahan Fertility and Infertility Center and the Pooyesh Fertility Center during the years 1401 and 1402 and underwent treatment. These two centers are the primary facilities in Isfahan Province dedicated to addressing couples' infertility. The sample size was determined using SPSS Sample Power software. To achieve a statistical power of at least 80%, a confidence level of at least 95%, and the ability to detect an effect size of 0.05, a minimum sample size of 140 units was established. Ultimately, 147 individuals were included in the analysis to test the hypotheses. Data collection was conducted through individual, face-to-face interviews, each lasting between 30 and 45min. Convenience sampling was employed and data collection occurred between September and March 1402. The research variables included the quality of relationships, which comprised 2 dimensions: the quality of family relationships and the quality of social relationships, serving as the dependent variable. Financial support was identified as the independent variable, while mental health acted as the mediating variable. Standardized questionnaires were used for data collection. The quality of family relationships was operationally defined using the Rust-Golombok questionnaire (Rust & Golombok, 1985), which consisted of 28 items. Factor analysis indicated that this questionnaire represented a single-factor construct. Half of the items were positively oriented (agreement indicated more favorable family relationships), while the other half were negatively oriented (agreement indicated less favorable family relationships). Discussion of Results & Conclusion This study demonstrated that economic support, including access to medical facilities and financial assistance, could alleviate the economic and psychological pressures faced by infertile couples, thereby enhancing the quality of their family relationships. These findings aligned with Murdoch's theory, which posited that economic support could help mitigate disruptions in family functioning. The results indicated that both institutional and non-institutional economic support could effectively moderate these disruptions. This is consistent with Giddens' theory, which suggests that social and economic support can prevent disturbances in family dynamics and improve the psychological and social well-being of families. Overall, the findings of this study revealed that mental health played a significant mediating role between economic support—both institutional and non-institutional—and the quality of family and social relationships among infertile couples undergoing donor IVF treatment. This indicated that economic support contributed to the improvement of family and social relationships by positively influencing mental health. These results underscored the necessity for comprehensive support programs in the field of infertility that addressed not only financial aspects, but also the mental health of individuals. Consequently, it is essential for policymakers and healthcare providers to prioritize economic support. By positively impacting the mental health of infertile couples, such support can lead to significant improvements in the quality of their family and social relationships. Introduction The family as the smallest and most fundamental social institution has played a crucial role in the creation and survival of society. It has consistently been the focus of scholars across various disciplines, including sociology. Relationships within the family are considered one of the most significant aspects of social interactions among individuals. The quality of relationships between couples is a key determinant of family health and influences society's expectations regarding family functioning (Taghizadeh Firouzjaei et al., 2017). One critical issue affecting family health is childbearing. Fertility rates in many countries worldwide have fallen below replacement levels due to widespread economic and social changes. Consequently, infertility has become a pressing social concern, leading to psychological distress among couples and, in some cases, dissolution of relationships. The World Health Organization has identified infertility as a major health issue (Hasanpoor-Azghady et al., 2019). Infertile couples often experience stress and depression, both individually and interdependently. This stress can manifest in various psychological problems, including depression, isolation, shame, and feeling of inadequacy, ultimately increasing the risk of divorce (Shakeri et al., 2006). While there is a general consensus that women's roles and identities should not be defined solely by their reproductive capabilities, in many societies, femininity is often associated with motherhood. This perception can be a significant means for women to elevate their status within the family and society (Hasanpoor-Azghady et al., 2019). To address infertility, many couples turn to assisted reproductive technologies. However, the high costs associated with diagnosing and treating infertility are the major factors influencing couples' decisions to pursue or abandon treatment. The lack of adequate financial support can impose considerable economic burdens on these individuals, compounding the stress associated with infertility. Infertility treatment is typically long-term and expensive. Couples must be prepared to face emotions, such as anger, fatigue, and the potential failure of various treatment methods. Some may feel insecure and lose their sense of privacy (Shakeri et al., 2006). Additionally, couples undergoing infertility treatment through donor IVF methods frequently encounter significant economic challenges. While assisted reproductive technologies like donor IVF can enhance the likelihood of pregnancy, they can also lead to substantial financial strain. These costs encompass both direct expenses related to the treatment process and indirect costs. Concerns about meeting treatment expenses can generate significant stress and anxiety, negatively impacting the quality of couples' relationships. Materials & Methods The research method employed in this study emphasized the measurability of variables and the ability to estimate the intensity and direction of relationships between phenomena, classifying it within quantitative methods. This study was cross-sectional, meaning it was conducted at a single point in time without plans for replication after a certain period. In terms of the unit of analysis, the research operated at the micro level, focusing specifically on family units (husband and wife). Data collection was carried out through a survey study, which fell under non-experimental methods. The statistical population consisted of all infertile couples seeking assistance from infertility centers in Isfahan. This included both men and women, who visited the Isfahan Fertility and Infertility Center and the Pooyesh Fertility Center during the years 1401 and 1402 and underwent treatment. These two centers are the primary facilities in Isfahan Province dedicated to addressing couples' infertility. The sample size was determined using SPSS Sample Power software. To achieve a statistical power of at least 80%, a confidence level of at least 95%, and the ability to detect an effect size of 0.05, a minimum sample size of 140 units was established. Ultimately, 147 individuals were included in the analysis to test the hypotheses. Data collection was conducted through individual, face-to-face interviews, each lasting between 30 and 45min. Convenience sampling was employed and data collection occurred between September and March 1402. The research variables included the quality of relationships, which comprised 2 dimensions: the quality of family relationships and the quality of social relationships, serving as the dependent variable. Financial support was identified as the independent variable, while mental health acted as the mediating variable. Standardized questionnaires were used for data collection. The quality of family relationships was operationally defined using the Rust-Golombok questionnaire (Rust & Golombok, 1985), which consisted of 28 items. Factor analysis indicated that this questionnaire represented a single-factor construct. Half of the items were positively oriented (agreement indicated more favorable family relationships), while the other half were negatively oriented (agreement indicated less favorable family relationships). Discussion of Results & Conclusion This study demonstrated that economic support, including access to medical facilities and financial assistance, could alleviate the economic and psychological pressures faced by infertile couples, thereby enhancing the quality of their family relationships. These findings aligned with Murdoch's theory, which posited that economic support could help mitigate disruptions in family functioning. The results indicated that both institutional and non-institutional economic support could effectively moderate these disruptions. This is consistent with Giddens' theory, which suggests that social and economic support can prevent disturbances in family dynamics and improve the psychological and social well-being of families. Overall, the findings of this study revealed that mental health played a significant mediating role between economic support—both institutional and non-institutional—and the quality of family and social relationships among infertile couples undergoing donor IVF treatment. This indicated that economic support contributed to the improvement of family and social relationships by positively influencing mental health. These results underscored the necessity for comprehensive support programs in the field of infertility that addressed not only financial aspects, but also the mental health of individuals. Consequently, it is essential for policymakers and healthcare providers to prioritize economic support. By positively impacting the mental health of infertile couples, such support can lead to significant improvements in the quality of their family and social relationships.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_29430_e3605a41f96233bd7edd8c64c11e17b3.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 14 3 2025 09 23 Providing a Desirable Model for Measuring Social Deprivation with an Emphasis on Social Justice (An Introduction to the Concept of Social Misery) Providing a Desirable Model for Measuring Social Deprivation with an Emphasis on Social Justice (An Introduction to the Concept of Social Misery) 29 64 29559 10.22108/srspi.2025.145048.2112 FA Mohammad Shamsi PhD Student, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Vahid Ghasemi Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Journal Article 2025 05 03 Introduction Social deprivation is a complex and multifaceted concept that significantly affects individuals' ability to meet their needs, desires, hopes, and expectations. Many development programs worldwide are dedicated to alleviating social deprivation and enhancing individuals' quality of life. To effectively address this issue, it is crucial to understand the indicators, dimensions, tools, and components that constitute social deprivation. The importance of this understanding lies in the fact that differing methodologies can yield varied analytical results. These indicators and tools are typically categorized into micro and macro levels and divided into quantitative, qualitative, and mixed groups. However, researchers and policymakers often struggle with inadequate measurement techniques, which hinder progress toward their goals. Moreover, at a deeper level, social deprivation coupled with rampant social injustice can result in more severe issues, such as "social misery". This study aimed to explore the concept of social misery and propose a robust model for measuring social deprivation based on empirical research. Materials & Methods This study investigated global research on social deprivation through documentary analysis. It reviewed both domestic and international studies published from 1990 to 2023. A comprehensive search was conducted in reputable Persian- and English-language scientific databases using relevant keywords, ultimately identifying 100 key studies. The research focused on the methodological aspects of these academic papers and documents, emphasizing the indicators, tools, and measures employed to explain social deprivation. The findings aimed to enhance the understanding of this phenomenon and the methods used for its assessment and analysis. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The research findings indicated that most researchers and policymakers tended to favor quantitative approaches when analyzing and evaluating deprivation. Furthermore, the majority of indicators and tools employed had struggled to adequately account for contextual conditions and subcultural elements in their analyses. To address these gaps, 3 models were identified and described: "Social Deprivation as Social Misery", "Personal Development", and "Cultural Capital". Among these, "Social Deprivation as Social Misery" received the most emphasis as it offered a more accurate depiction of the type and severity of deprivation in societies grappling with various inequalities and social issues. This article aimed to introduce the concept of social misery, which reflected the coexistence of high social deprivation and low perceived social justice. Social deprivation framed as social misery profoundly impacted the quality of life for individuals and groups within the society. This concept generally referred to the lack of access to essential resources, opportunities, and services, thereby highlighting the existing inequalities and injustices. The interplay between social deprivation and social injustice could lead to social misery characterized by feelings of helplessness and distrust in the possibility of improving one’s living conditions. Our analysis revealed that social deprivation and social misery were two sides of the same coin closely interconnected. Addressing social deprivation and societal injustices necessitated having a serious commitment to fair resource distribution, strengthening individual and communal capacities, and raising public awareness about growing inequalities and injustices. The development of comprehensive policies and strategies aimed at promoting social justice could help mitigate social deprivation and, consequently, social misery. Additionally, emphasizing the expansion of social misery underscored the importance of considering the psychological and subjective dimensions of deprivation and social injustice. Increasing awareness and self-confidence among individuals in confronting social and economic challenges could reduce feelings of misery and enhance their active participation in the society. Introduction Social deprivation is a complex and multifaceted concept that significantly affects individuals' ability to meet their needs, desires, hopes, and expectations. Many development programs worldwide are dedicated to alleviating social deprivation and enhancing individuals' quality of life. To effectively address this issue, it is crucial to understand the indicators, dimensions, tools, and components that constitute social deprivation. The importance of this understanding lies in the fact that differing methodologies can yield varied analytical results. These indicators and tools are typically categorized into micro and macro levels and divided into quantitative, qualitative, and mixed groups. However, researchers and policymakers often struggle with inadequate measurement techniques, which hinder progress toward their goals. Moreover, at a deeper level, social deprivation coupled with rampant social injustice can result in more severe issues, such as "social misery". This study aimed to explore the concept of social misery and propose a robust model for measuring social deprivation based on empirical research. Materials & Methods This study investigated global research on social deprivation through documentary analysis. It reviewed both domestic and international studies published from 1990 to 2023. A comprehensive search was conducted in reputable Persian- and English-language scientific databases using relevant keywords, ultimately identifying 100 key studies. The research focused on the methodological aspects of these academic papers and documents, emphasizing the indicators, tools, and measures employed to explain social deprivation. The findings aimed to enhance the understanding of this phenomenon and the methods used for its assessment and analysis. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The research findings indicated that most researchers and policymakers tended to favor quantitative approaches when analyzing and evaluating deprivation. Furthermore, the majority of indicators and tools employed had struggled to adequately account for contextual conditions and subcultural elements in their analyses. To address these gaps, 3 models were identified and described: "Social Deprivation as Social Misery", "Personal Development", and "Cultural Capital". Among these, "Social Deprivation as Social Misery" received the most emphasis as it offered a more accurate depiction of the type and severity of deprivation in societies grappling with various inequalities and social issues. This article aimed to introduce the concept of social misery, which reflected the coexistence of high social deprivation and low perceived social justice. Social deprivation framed as social misery profoundly impacted the quality of life for individuals and groups within the society. This concept generally referred to the lack of access to essential resources, opportunities, and services, thereby highlighting the existing inequalities and injustices. The interplay between social deprivation and social injustice could lead to social misery characterized by feelings of helplessness and distrust in the possibility of improving one’s living conditions. Our analysis revealed that social deprivation and social misery were two sides of the same coin closely interconnected. Addressing social deprivation and societal injustices necessitated having a serious commitment to fair resource distribution, strengthening individual and communal capacities, and raising public awareness about growing inequalities and injustices. The development of comprehensive policies and strategies aimed at promoting social justice could help mitigate social deprivation and, consequently, social misery. Additionally, emphasizing the expansion of social misery underscored the importance of considering the psychological and subjective dimensions of deprivation and social injustice. Increasing awareness and self-confidence among individuals in confronting social and economic challenges could reduce feelings of misery and enhance their active participation in the society.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_29559_03da27cf808416fb060e026218271566.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 14 3 2025 09 23 The Role of Ethical Leadership and Moral Intelligence in Organizational Whistleblowing Mediated by Moral Identity: A Study in the Field of Ethics The Role of Ethical Leadership and Moral Intelligence in Organizational Whistleblowing Mediated by Moral Identity: A Study in the Field of Ethics 65 80 29543 10.22108/srspi.2025.144187.2076 FA Khadijeh Hashemi Arani M.A., Department of Educational Sciences, Mahallat Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahallat, Iran Ghaffar Karimianpour Assistant Professor, Department of Educational Sciences, Mahallat Branch, Islamic Azad University, Mahallat, Iran Journal Article 2025 02 01 Introduction Corruption and unethical behavior within universities are not new phenomena. As one of the most influential social institutions, universities have been implicated in various forms of corruption and unethical conduct (Shore, 2018). Consequently, the presence of whistleblowers—individuals who can confront these behaviors while upholding their moral integrity—is essential. Organizational whistleblowing is defined as the act of disclosing illegal and unethical activities to responsible parties outside the organization, aiming to steer the institution toward its ideals and missions (Kenny, 2024). This phenomenon is crucial as it reflects individuals' perceptions of unethical events within the organization and plays a vital role in identifying undesirable practices, ultimately preventing further issues (Zarini, 2010). Given this context, examining whistleblowing in universities and the factors influencing it is of significant importance. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the causal model of organizational whistleblowing, focusing on ethical leadership and moral intelligence, with moral identity serving as a mediating factor among employees at Kashan University. Materials & Methods This study employed a quantitative research philosophy and was applied in nature. It utilized a descriptive-inferential approach for data collection and analysis, specifically focusing on correlational study through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The statistical population consisted of all employees at Kashan University in 2024, totaling 600 individuals. A sample of 234 participants was selected using simple random sampling based on the Morgan table. Data collection involved several validated instruments: the Ethical Leadership Questionnaire by Kalshon et al. (2011), the Ethical Intelligence scale by Lennick and Keel (2005), the Organizational Whistleblowing Questionnaire by Izadpanah et al. (2016), and the Ethical Identity scale by Aquino and Reed (2002). For descriptive analysis, we employed descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation. To test the research hypotheses, we utilized Pearson correlation matrix and SEM, analyzing the data using SPSS version 26 and SMART PLS software. Discussion of Results & Conclusion In this study, 234 employees from Kashan University participated. The mean and standard deviation for the key variables were as follows: organizational whistleblowing had a mean of 24.77 and a standard deviation of 6.63; ethical leadership had a mean of 16.71 and a standard deviation of 21.13; ethical intelligence showed a mean of 159.18 and a standard deviation of 18.76; and ethical identity had a mean of 60.47 and a standard deviation of 57.8. The results from the Pearson correlation coefficient test indicated significant positive correlations: ethical leadership and organizational whistleblowing (0.467), moral intelligence and organizational whistleblowing (0.355), moral identity and organizational whistleblowing (0.596), moral leadership and moral identity (0.471), and moral intelligence and moral identity (0.493). All relationships and hypotheses were confirmed as significant. The index of R² revealed that 46% of the variance in organizational whistleblowing was explained by moral leadership, moral intelligence, and moral identity, while 38% of the variance in moral identity was attributed to moral leadership and moral intelligence. Additionally, the GOF index indicated that the overall research model demonstrated a suitable and desirable fit. Based on these findings, it is recommended that university administrators consider the ethical dimension when selecting employees and create conditions that promote ethical behavior through strategic planning. They should facilitate safe communication channels to support whistleblowers and provide necessary legal protections to alleviate fears of retaliation from corrupt individuals. Finally, implementing a reward system for administrators, who foster ethical leadership and behaviors within the university, is crucial. Introduction Corruption and unethical behavior within universities are not new phenomena. As one of the most influential social institutions, universities have been implicated in various forms of corruption and unethical conduct (Shore, 2018). Consequently, the presence of whistleblowers—individuals who can confront these behaviors while upholding their moral integrity—is essential. Organizational whistleblowing is defined as the act of disclosing illegal and unethical activities to responsible parties outside the organization, aiming to steer the institution toward its ideals and missions (Kenny, 2024). This phenomenon is crucial as it reflects individuals' perceptions of unethical events within the organization and plays a vital role in identifying undesirable practices, ultimately preventing further issues (Zarini, 2010). Given this context, examining whistleblowing in universities and the factors influencing it is of significant importance. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the causal model of organizational whistleblowing, focusing on ethical leadership and moral intelligence, with moral identity serving as a mediating factor among employees at Kashan University. Materials & Methods This study employed a quantitative research philosophy and was applied in nature. It utilized a descriptive-inferential approach for data collection and analysis, specifically focusing on correlational study through Structural Equation Modeling (SEM). The statistical population consisted of all employees at Kashan University in 2024, totaling 600 individuals. A sample of 234 participants was selected using simple random sampling based on the Morgan table. Data collection involved several validated instruments: the Ethical Leadership Questionnaire by Kalshon et al. (2011), the Ethical Intelligence scale by Lennick and Keel (2005), the Organizational Whistleblowing Questionnaire by Izadpanah et al. (2016), and the Ethical Identity scale by Aquino and Reed (2002). For descriptive analysis, we employed descriptive statistics, including mean and standard deviation. To test the research hypotheses, we utilized Pearson correlation matrix and SEM, analyzing the data using SPSS version 26 and SMART PLS software. Discussion of Results & Conclusion In this study, 234 employees from Kashan University participated. The mean and standard deviation for the key variables were as follows: organizational whistleblowing had a mean of 24.77 and a standard deviation of 6.63; ethical leadership had a mean of 16.71 and a standard deviation of 21.13; ethical intelligence showed a mean of 159.18 and a standard deviation of 18.76; and ethical identity had a mean of 60.47 and a standard deviation of 57.8. The results from the Pearson correlation coefficient test indicated significant positive correlations: ethical leadership and organizational whistleblowing (0.467), moral intelligence and organizational whistleblowing (0.355), moral identity and organizational whistleblowing (0.596), moral leadership and moral identity (0.471), and moral intelligence and moral identity (0.493). All relationships and hypotheses were confirmed as significant. The index of R² revealed that 46% of the variance in organizational whistleblowing was explained by moral leadership, moral intelligence, and moral identity, while 38% of the variance in moral identity was attributed to moral leadership and moral intelligence. Additionally, the GOF index indicated that the overall research model demonstrated a suitable and desirable fit. Based on these findings, it is recommended that university administrators consider the ethical dimension when selecting employees and create conditions that promote ethical behavior through strategic planning. They should facilitate safe communication channels to support whistleblowers and provide necessary legal protections to alleviate fears of retaliation from corrupt individuals. Finally, implementing a reward system for administrators, who foster ethical leadership and behaviors within the university, is crucial.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_29543_89dcf78653c5b8764dcc7b691947610b.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 14 3 2025 09 23 Comparative Analysis of Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction among Female Heads of Families: A Case Study of Job Creation Loan Recipients vs. Non-Recipients as Supported by the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee of Fardis County Comparative Analysis of Quality of Life and Life Satisfaction among Female Heads of Families: A Case Study of Job Creation Loan Recipients vs. Non-Recipients as Supported by the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee of Fardis County 81 106 29607 10.22108/srspi.2025.143848.2068 FA Azam Khatibi Associate professor of Sociology, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran Parisa Khedraei M.A., Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Law and Social Sciences, Payam-e Noor University, Tehran, Iran Journal Article 2025 01 02 Introduction This research aimed to compare the quality of life and life satisfaction of women as heads of families receiving Job Creation Loans with those supported by the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Fardis County. The study was framed within Anthony Giddens' structuration theory, employing an agent-oriented approach. Structuration encompasses fundamental concepts that pertain to the structure and dynamics of social life (Stones, 2008). According to Giddens, social functions are derived from individual capabilities that enable participation in social activities within established structures (Giddens, 1984). He argues that the central focus of social sciences, as per structuration theory, is not merely the experiences of individual actors or any form of social comprehensiveness, but rather the social functions organized in time and space (Ritzer, 2005, p. 601). This study incorporated various theories related to quality of life, including those by Zahn (1992), Hernandez et al. (2009), and the World Health Organization, as well as theories on life satisfaction from Diener et al. (1985), Kahneman et al. (1999), and Chase (2018). The World Health Organization defines quality of life as an individual's perception of their position in life shaped by the cultural and social values, within which they exist (2009, et al. and Rana, p. 14). Zahn's theory (1992) conceptualizes quality of life as a multidimensional construct that includes various indicators and components, such as life satisfaction, self-image, health, and economic and cultural factors. The perception of quality of life arises from the interaction between individuals and their environments. Furthermore, life satisfaction is linked to health-related behaviors (Chase, 2018) and is influenced by one's sense of purpose and the pursuit of a better life (Kahneman, 1999), encompassing dimensions of physical, mental, and social health. Materials & Methods The research employed a descriptive-survey method conducted in a causal-comparative manner. A simple random sampling technique was utilized with a sample size estimated at 344 participants based on the Krejci-Morgan table. The sample was evenly divided into two groups of 172 individuals each: one group consisting of women receiving employment loans and the other comprising women who did not receive such loans. Notably, the study excluded single women, who had never married and were self-employed. The World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHO QOL-BREF) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were administered to assess the quality of life and life satisfaction, respectively. T-test statistics were employed to compare the two groups, while multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to explore changes in quality of life and life satisfaction. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The average quality of life and its components among female heads of households, who received employment loans, were significantly higher than those of women, who did not receive such loans (46.55 versus 2.69), indicating a moderate level of quality of life. This confirmed the research hypothesis. A notable disparity was observed in the component of beliefs, where the average quality of life for women, who received loans, was considerably greater than that for those who did not (18.26 versus 2.86). Women who received loans enjoyed more favorable living conditions, along with heightened expectations and positive attitudes about their future, empowerment, and self-sufficiency. Additionally, the findings revealed that life satisfaction among women who borrowed was substantially higher compared to those who did not, with scores of 74.4 versus 2.70, respectively. The results of t-test on the independent groups indicated significant differences in both quality of life and life satisfaction between female heads of families receiving Job Creation Loans and those who did not. The MANOVA results further demonstrated that Job Creation Loans accounted for 19.6% of the variance in life satisfaction and 12.5% of the variance in women's quality of life. In conclusion, promoting access to employment loans is a crucial factor in enhancing the quality of life and life satisfaction among female heads of households. Furthermore, these loans contribute to poverty reduction and foster both individual and social development. Introduction This research aimed to compare the quality of life and life satisfaction of women as heads of families receiving Job Creation Loans with those supported by the Imam Khomeini Relief Committee in Fardis County. The study was framed within Anthony Giddens' structuration theory, employing an agent-oriented approach. Structuration encompasses fundamental concepts that pertain to the structure and dynamics of social life (Stones, 2008). According to Giddens, social functions are derived from individual capabilities that enable participation in social activities within established structures (Giddens, 1984). He argues that the central focus of social sciences, as per structuration theory, is not merely the experiences of individual actors or any form of social comprehensiveness, but rather the social functions organized in time and space (Ritzer, 2005, p. 601). This study incorporated various theories related to quality of life, including those by Zahn (1992), Hernandez et al. (2009), and the World Health Organization, as well as theories on life satisfaction from Diener et al. (1985), Kahneman et al. (1999), and Chase (2018). The World Health Organization defines quality of life as an individual's perception of their position in life shaped by the cultural and social values, within which they exist (2009, et al. and Rana, p. 14). Zahn's theory (1992) conceptualizes quality of life as a multidimensional construct that includes various indicators and components, such as life satisfaction, self-image, health, and economic and cultural factors. The perception of quality of life arises from the interaction between individuals and their environments. Furthermore, life satisfaction is linked to health-related behaviors (Chase, 2018) and is influenced by one's sense of purpose and the pursuit of a better life (Kahneman, 1999), encompassing dimensions of physical, mental, and social health. Materials & Methods The research employed a descriptive-survey method conducted in a causal-comparative manner. A simple random sampling technique was utilized with a sample size estimated at 344 participants based on the Krejci-Morgan table. The sample was evenly divided into two groups of 172 individuals each: one group consisting of women receiving employment loans and the other comprising women who did not receive such loans. Notably, the study excluded single women, who had never married and were self-employed. The World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHO QOL-BREF) and the Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS) were administered to assess the quality of life and life satisfaction, respectively. T-test statistics were employed to compare the two groups, while multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) was used to explore changes in quality of life and life satisfaction. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The average quality of life and its components among female heads of households, who received employment loans, were significantly higher than those of women, who did not receive such loans (46.55 versus 2.69), indicating a moderate level of quality of life. This confirmed the research hypothesis. A notable disparity was observed in the component of beliefs, where the average quality of life for women, who received loans, was considerably greater than that for those who did not (18.26 versus 2.86). Women who received loans enjoyed more favorable living conditions, along with heightened expectations and positive attitudes about their future, empowerment, and self-sufficiency. Additionally, the findings revealed that life satisfaction among women who borrowed was substantially higher compared to those who did not, with scores of 74.4 versus 2.70, respectively. The results of t-test on the independent groups indicated significant differences in both quality of life and life satisfaction between female heads of families receiving Job Creation Loans and those who did not. The MANOVA results further demonstrated that Job Creation Loans accounted for 19.6% of the variance in life satisfaction and 12.5% of the variance in women's quality of life. In conclusion, promoting access to employment loans is a crucial factor in enhancing the quality of life and life satisfaction among female heads of households. Furthermore, these loans contribute to poverty reduction and foster both individual and social development.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_29607_83ea15e9d6b32e23ea3f5a5a4d5c646f.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 14 3 2025 09 23 Exploring Students’ Lived Experiences of Critical Thinking and Their Association with Environmental Literacy Exploring Students’ Lived Experiences of Critical Thinking and Their Association with Environmental Literacy 107 134 29615 10.22108/srspi.2025.144925.2105 FA Esmail Kashef Ph.D. candidate in Philosophy of Education, Department of Philosophy of Education, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran Maghsod Frastkhah Professor, Department of Higher Education Planning, Institute for Research and Planning in Higher Education, Tehran, Iran Vahid Ghasem Professor, Department of Social Sciences, Faculty of Literature and Humanities, University of Isfahan, Isfahan, Iran Mozhgan Mohamadi Naeni Assistant professor, Department of Philosophy of Education, Arak Branch, Islamic Azad University, Arak, Iran Journal Article 2025 04 15 Introduction In today’s world, societies are confronting severe and complex environmental challenges, such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. In this context, the role of education—particularly higher education—has become more vital than ever. Cultivation of critical thinking skills and development of environmental literacy are increasingly recognized as foundational pillars for producing responsible, reflective, and informed citizens. Critical thinking enables individuals to analyze complex information, question assumptions, and make reasoned decisions, especially in situations involving uncertainty and competing interests. Meanwhile, environmental literacy fosters an understanding of ecological systems, human-environment interactions, and ethical implications of environmental decisions. As centers of knowledge production and dissemination, universities bear the responsibility of fostering these competencies in their students. This study explored the intersection between students’ lived experiences in critical thinking and their environmental literacy, aiming to understand how exposure to critical educational environments shaped students' ecological awareness and attitudes. Conducted at the University of Isfahan and Isfahan University of Medical Sciences during the academic year of 2023-2024, this research addressed a critical gap by integrating culturally adapted tools to explore this relationship within the unique Iranian socio-educational context. Materials & Methods This applied, non-experimental, cross-sectional study targeted a population of approximately 26,000 students enrolled at the two aforementioned universities. A statistically valid sample of 433 participants was selected through quota sampling to ensure representation across gender, academic levels, and disciplines. Data were collected using two instruments: the first was a standardized environmental literacy scale developed by Sherry and Tiwari (2021), which assessed two dimensions—"knowledge and awareness" and "attitude". The second instrument was a localized and culturally validated questionnaire created by Kashef et al. (2024) to measure the students’ lived experiences of critical thinking. This questionnaire encompassed 7 distinct dimensions: dignified living, organizational suppression, forward-thinking, conservative organization, multi-faceted encounters, cost-reward duality, and uncritical authority, reflecting the contextual realities specific to Iranian academic environments. The reliability of the instruments was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha with coefficients exceeding 0.70, indicating acceptable internal consistency. Data analysis was conducted by using SPSS version 26 and employing both descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including Pearson correlation and one-way ANOVA, to test the research hypotheses and explore differences between the two institutions. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings indicated that the students’ lived experiences of critical thinking fell below the midpoint of the measurement scale, suggesting limited engagement with reflective, questioning, and autonomy-oriented academic environments. In contrast, environmental literacy scores were above average, indicating relatively strong levels of awareness and positive attitudes toward the environment among the student body. A moderate yet statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.372, P < 0.001) was observed between the two main variables. Notably, the strongest associations were found between critical thinking experiences and the "attitude" component of environmental literacy rather than the "knowledge" component, underscoring the emotional and value-driven dimensions of environmental learning. Among the critical thinking subdimensions, "dignified living" and "uncritical authority" demonstrated the highest correlations with environmental literacy. Comparative analysis between the two universities revealed a significant difference in the critical thinking experience scores, with students at the University of Isfahan reporting notably higher levels. However, no statistically significant difference was found in environmental literacy levels between the two groups. This might suggest that environmental awareness was influenced by broader societal or cultural factors beyond institutional environments. These results emphasized the crucial role of higher education institutions in nurturing critical thinking as a pathway to environmental awareness and responsible behavior. The findings suggested that fostering reflective thinking, autonomy, and ethical discourse in academic settings could positively influence the students’ environmental attitudes. By integrating critical thinking into environmental education curricula, universities could help produce a generation capable of informed ecological decision-making. Furthermore, this study offered valuable insights for curriculum developers and policymakers aiming to embed sustainability and critical awareness within educational frameworks tailored to the Iranian context. Introduction In today’s world, societies are confronting severe and complex environmental challenges, such as climate change, biodiversity loss, and pollution. In this context, the role of education—particularly higher education—has become more vital than ever. Cultivation of critical thinking skills and development of environmental literacy are increasingly recognized as foundational pillars for producing responsible, reflective, and informed citizens. Critical thinking enables individuals to analyze complex information, question assumptions, and make reasoned decisions, especially in situations involving uncertainty and competing interests. Meanwhile, environmental literacy fosters an understanding of ecological systems, human-environment interactions, and ethical implications of environmental decisions. As centers of knowledge production and dissemination, universities bear the responsibility of fostering these competencies in their students. This study explored the intersection between students’ lived experiences in critical thinking and their environmental literacy, aiming to understand how exposure to critical educational environments shaped students' ecological awareness and attitudes. Conducted at the University of Isfahan and Isfahan University of Medical Sciences during the academic year of 2023-2024, this research addressed a critical gap by integrating culturally adapted tools to explore this relationship within the unique Iranian socio-educational context. Materials & Methods This applied, non-experimental, cross-sectional study targeted a population of approximately 26,000 students enrolled at the two aforementioned universities. A statistically valid sample of 433 participants was selected through quota sampling to ensure representation across gender, academic levels, and disciplines. Data were collected using two instruments: the first was a standardized environmental literacy scale developed by Sherry and Tiwari (2021), which assessed two dimensions—"knowledge and awareness" and "attitude". The second instrument was a localized and culturally validated questionnaire created by Kashef et al. (2024) to measure the students’ lived experiences of critical thinking. This questionnaire encompassed 7 distinct dimensions: dignified living, organizational suppression, forward-thinking, conservative organization, multi-faceted encounters, cost-reward duality, and uncritical authority, reflecting the contextual realities specific to Iranian academic environments. The reliability of the instruments was assessed using Cronbach’s alpha with coefficients exceeding 0.70, indicating acceptable internal consistency. Data analysis was conducted by using SPSS version 26 and employing both descriptive and inferential statistical methods, including Pearson correlation and one-way ANOVA, to test the research hypotheses and explore differences between the two institutions. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings indicated that the students’ lived experiences of critical thinking fell below the midpoint of the measurement scale, suggesting limited engagement with reflective, questioning, and autonomy-oriented academic environments. In contrast, environmental literacy scores were above average, indicating relatively strong levels of awareness and positive attitudes toward the environment among the student body. A moderate yet statistically significant positive correlation (r = 0.372, P < 0.001) was observed between the two main variables. Notably, the strongest associations were found between critical thinking experiences and the "attitude" component of environmental literacy rather than the "knowledge" component, underscoring the emotional and value-driven dimensions of environmental learning. Among the critical thinking subdimensions, "dignified living" and "uncritical authority" demonstrated the highest correlations with environmental literacy. Comparative analysis between the two universities revealed a significant difference in the critical thinking experience scores, with students at the University of Isfahan reporting notably higher levels. However, no statistically significant difference was found in environmental literacy levels between the two groups. This might suggest that environmental awareness was influenced by broader societal or cultural factors beyond institutional environments. These results emphasized the crucial role of higher education institutions in nurturing critical thinking as a pathway to environmental awareness and responsible behavior. The findings suggested that fostering reflective thinking, autonomy, and ethical discourse in academic settings could positively influence the students’ environmental attitudes. By integrating critical thinking into environmental education curricula, universities could help produce a generation capable of informed ecological decision-making. Furthermore, this study offered valuable insights for curriculum developers and policymakers aiming to embed sustainability and critical awareness within educational frameworks tailored to the Iranian context.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_29615_c147132330bee5971df908fb2b5db09d.pdf

University of Isfahan Strategic Research on Social Problems 3041-8623 14 3 2025 09 23 Green Development in the Context of Structural Abandonment: A Study on the Construction of Green Agriculture among Greenhouse Farmers in Ashkezar Green Development in the Context of Structural Abandonment: A Study on the Construction of Green Agriculture among Greenhouse Farmers in Ashkezar 135 164 29677 10.22108/srspi.2025.144856.2103 FA Aaboulfazl Pourganji Ph.D. student of Iran's Social Issues, Faculty of Social Sciences, University, Yazd, Yazd, Iran Manochehr Alinejad Associate professor, Department of Social Work and Policy, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran Alireza Afshani Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran Hossein Afrasiabi Professor, Department of Sociology, Faculty of Social Sciences, University of Yazd, Yazd, Iran Journal Article 2025 04 12 Introduction In recent years, greenhouse cultivation has gained significant attention in Iran as a modern agricultural approach. The country's unique climatic conditions, particularly water scarcity and the challenges faced by both traditional and industrial agriculture, highlight the urgent need to expand greenhouse farming. Ashkezar County has emerged as a key hub for greenhouse agriculture in Iran, thanks to its distinct climate and limited water resources. Greenhouse farming has become a viable strategy to address the limitations of traditional agriculture in this region and represents a practical step toward achieving sustainable agricultural development. This study aimed to investigate the construction of sustainable agricultural practices among greenhouse farmers in Ashkezar and explore the challenges of green agriculture and the strategies to overcome them. Materials & Methods This research employed a constructivist grounded theory methodology. Participants included greenhouse farmers in Ashkezar County, each with a minimum of 3 years of experience in greenhouse farming. A purposive sampling method, specifically maximum variation sampling, was utilized and focused interviews were conducted with 45 farmers. Each interview lasted between 45 minutes and one hour. The collected data were analyzed using the 3-phase coding approach of constructivist grounded theory: initial coding, focused coding, and theoretical coding. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings revealed that institutional abandonment, economic instability, and technological backwardness were the three primary challenges facing green agriculture in Ashkezar County. These factors contributed to structural abandonment, highlighting the need for institutional and structural transformations to address this issue. Such transformations were essential for achieving effective green management of the agricultural ecosystem. Additionally, these transformations were interconnected with the modernization of green knowledge, social empowerment in green practices, and optimization of institutional mechanisms. Together, these elements significantly influenced the green management of agricultural ecosystems. Ultimately, successful institutional and structural transformations could pave the way for agricultural green development, which was further supported by effective ecosystem management. While developing green agriculture in Ashkezar County was crucial due to its climatic conditions and limited water resources, significant structural barriers remained. Institutional weaknesses, economic instability, and technological underdevelopment were key challenges that hindered the implementation of green agricultural initiatives. Furthermore, the lack of supportive legislation, inefficiencies in resource allocation, and insufficient investment in modern technologies had collectively stymied progress toward green development. Under these circumstances, agricultural ecosystems had entered a crisis due to poor management, while polluting industries continued to operate unchecked. Moreover, greenhouse farmers in the region generally exhibited low levels of awareness regarding the importance of environmental sustainability and green agricultural development, with some showing resistance to change. However, several viable strategies could help overcome these challenges. Strengthening institutions through legal reforms and increased transparency could create a more supportive environment for green agricultural development. Additionally, investing in green technologies, reducing reliance on polluting practices, and utilizing renewable energy sources could further facilitate this transition. Equally important was the promotion of social green empowerment and enhancing farmers' environmental awareness through education. Such initiatives could foster a culture of green agricultural development and encourage broader participation. Furthermore, modernizing green knowledge through capacity building and the transfer of innovative technologies could lead to more efficient use of scarce resources. Ultimately, green development had to be seen not merely as a goal, but as a natural outcome of these structural reforms. By establishing effective institutional frameworks, investing in green technologies, and promoting public awareness, it is possible to achieve a model of development that integrates economic growth with a strong commitment to environmental sustainability. Introduction In recent years, greenhouse cultivation has gained significant attention in Iran as a modern agricultural approach. The country's unique climatic conditions, particularly water scarcity and the challenges faced by both traditional and industrial agriculture, highlight the urgent need to expand greenhouse farming. Ashkezar County has emerged as a key hub for greenhouse agriculture in Iran, thanks to its distinct climate and limited water resources. Greenhouse farming has become a viable strategy to address the limitations of traditional agriculture in this region and represents a practical step toward achieving sustainable agricultural development. This study aimed to investigate the construction of sustainable agricultural practices among greenhouse farmers in Ashkezar and explore the challenges of green agriculture and the strategies to overcome them. Materials & Methods This research employed a constructivist grounded theory methodology. Participants included greenhouse farmers in Ashkezar County, each with a minimum of 3 years of experience in greenhouse farming. A purposive sampling method, specifically maximum variation sampling, was utilized and focused interviews were conducted with 45 farmers. Each interview lasted between 45 minutes and one hour. The collected data were analyzed using the 3-phase coding approach of constructivist grounded theory: initial coding, focused coding, and theoretical coding. Discussion of Results & Conclusion The findings revealed that institutional abandonment, economic instability, and technological backwardness were the three primary challenges facing green agriculture in Ashkezar County. These factors contributed to structural abandonment, highlighting the need for institutional and structural transformations to address this issue. Such transformations were essential for achieving effective green management of the agricultural ecosystem. Additionally, these transformations were interconnected with the modernization of green knowledge, social empowerment in green practices, and optimization of institutional mechanisms. Together, these elements significantly influenced the green management of agricultural ecosystems. Ultimately, successful institutional and structural transformations could pave the way for agricultural green development, which was further supported by effective ecosystem management. While developing green agriculture in Ashkezar County was crucial due to its climatic conditions and limited water resources, significant structural barriers remained. Institutional weaknesses, economic instability, and technological underdevelopment were key challenges that hindered the implementation of green agricultural initiatives. Furthermore, the lack of supportive legislation, inefficiencies in resource allocation, and insufficient investment in modern technologies had collectively stymied progress toward green development. Under these circumstances, agricultural ecosystems had entered a crisis due to poor management, while polluting industries continued to operate unchecked. Moreover, greenhouse farmers in the region generally exhibited low levels of awareness regarding the importance of environmental sustainability and green agricultural development, with some showing resistance to change. However, several viable strategies could help overcome these challenges. Strengthening institutions through legal reforms and increased transparency could create a more supportive environment for green agricultural development. Additionally, investing in green technologies, reducing reliance on polluting practices, and utilizing renewable energy sources could further facilitate this transition. Equally important was the promotion of social green empowerment and enhancing farmers' environmental awareness through education. Such initiatives could foster a culture of green agricultural development and encourage broader participation. Furthermore, modernizing green knowledge through capacity building and the transfer of innovative technologies could lead to more efficient use of scarce resources. Ultimately, green development had to be seen not merely as a goal, but as a natural outcome of these structural reforms. By establishing effective institutional frameworks, investing in green technologies, and promoting public awareness, it is possible to achieve a model of development that integrates economic growth with a strong commitment to environmental sustainability.

https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_29677_e49f2b90091a35341c0953473bdfa777.pdf