دانشگاه اصفهانپژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی3041-862315320260923Contexts of Violence against Physicians in the Health System: A Grounded Theory Study in Ahvaz Medical Centersزمینههای خشونت علیه پزشکان در نظام سلامت: مطالعهای دادهبنیاد در مراکز درمانی اهواز1283013110.22108/srspi.2025.146253.2143FAزیبادمادمدانشجوی دکتری گروه جامعهشناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایرانحسینافراسیابیاستاد گروه جامعهشناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایرانJournal Article20250816<strong>Introduction</strong>
Violence against medical staff is a persistent and multifaceted challenge in contemporary healthcare systems. Its origins extend beyond individual behavior, rooted in broader social, cultural, and organizational structures. This phenomenon manifests in forms ranging from verbal aggression to physical assault with significant adverse consequences: it degrades the quality of medical services and patient satisfaction while severely impacting the psychological well-being and job motivation of healthcare workers. From a sociological perspective, violence in healthcare settings constitutes a social fact. It emerges from structural tensions, unequal power dynamics, unmet expectations, and the growing complexity of interactions between medical staff and patients or their companions. In recent years, this issue has intensified, gaining greater visibility through the rise of anti-physicianism—a social attitude marked by distrust, hostility, and a decline in the traditional symbolic respect afforded to medical professionals. Such attitudes contribute to escalating conflicts in clinical environments, complicating communication, decision-making, and the daily functioning of treatment teams. These outcomes ultimately weaken institutional performance and undermine public trust in the healthcare system. The primary goal of this research was to explore how medical staff perceive, interpret, and experience violence within hospitals and medical centers. By uncovering the underlying social dynamics, meanings, and behavioral patterns that shape such incidents, this study aimed to provide insights that can inform effective policy-making, targeted training programs, and significant organizational reforms.
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<strong>Materials & Methods</strong>
This study adopted a qualitative research design, utilizing a grounded theory approach to investigate the dynamics of violence and anti-physicianism within medical centers in Ahvaz. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 30 medical staff members from hospitals affiliated with Ahvaz University of Medical Sciences. Participants were selected via purposive sampling and interviews continued until theoretical saturation was achieved. The data analysis followed the systematic stages of grounded theory: open, axial, and selective coding. This analytical process revealed that violence against medical staff stemmed from the complex interplay of structural, cultural, and professional factors. These factors were conceptualized into 11 core categories: 1) normalization of violence; 2) eroding bureaucracy; 3) lack of resilience and empathy; 4) discursive contradiction; 5) transition from patriarchal to patient-centered medicine; 6) the absent doctor; 7) negative media representation; 8) medical distancing; 9) the distrust gap; 10) burnout; 11) the dilemma of leaving the profession or migrating. Together, these categories constituted the principal domains, through which the vicious cycle of anti-physicianism was reproduced.
<strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusion</strong>
The interview findings demonstrated that violence against healthcare workers transcended individual or psychological explanations; it was fundamentally a manifestation of broader structural inequalities and institutional crises. This violence was sustained by an institutionalized culture embedded within wider societal norms and by dominant assumptions that normalized and justified aggression. Moreover, it was rooted in the specific social fabric of cultural regions, reflecting deep-seated systemic failures within both the healthcare system and society at large (Pavlova & Geretto, 2018). Effectively addressing this phenomenon necessitated comprehensive reforms in health policy. Key interventions included:
Strengthening institutional and financial support for healthcare workers
Promoting a positive and accurate public representation of their social status
Criminalizing violence and developing effective legal deterrents
Transitioning toward participatory, community-oriented models of doctor-patient interaction
Implementing such strategies can cultivate social resilience and empathy, laying a foundation for reducing violence in clinical settings. Ultimately, violence against medical personnel is not merely an organizational or systemic dysfunction; it constitutes a profound semantic and symbolic crisis within the healthcare relationship. Responding to this complexity demands an integrated theoretical approach. This should incorporate Weber’s focus on the ethical intentions guiding actors; Derrida’s insights into the discursive hierarchies of modern medicine; Giddens’s structuration theory to understand how agents reproduce and transform systemic structures; and Parsonian principles to restore the normative balance in the doctor-patient role-set. Together, these perspectives illuminate the multilayered nature of violence in healthcare and can inform the design of significant, context-sensitive interventions.خشونت علیه کادر درمان یکی از چالشهای نظام سلامت است که ریشه در ساختارهای اجتماعی، فرهنگی و سازمانی دارد. این پدیده بر کیفیت خدمات درمانی، رضایت بیماران و سلامت روانی کارکنان تأثیر منفی میگذارد. پژوهش حاضر با رویکرد کیفی و براساس روش دادهبنیاد، با هدف فهم خشونت و پزشکستیزی در مراکز درمانی شهر اهواز انجام شد. مشارکتکنندگان بهروش نمونهگیری هدفمند انتخاب شدند و مصاحبههای نیمهساختاریافته تا رسیدن به اشباع نظری ادامه یافت. درمجموع ۳۰ مصاحبه با کادر درمان بیمارستانهای تابعۀ دانشگاه علوم پزشکی اهواز انجام و در سه مرحلۀ کدگذاری (باز، محوری و گزینشی) تحلیل شد<strong>.</strong> یافتهها نشان داد که خشونت علیه کادر درمان حاصل برهمکنش مجموعهای از عوامل ساختاری، فرهنگی و حرفهای است که در قالب 11 مقولۀ اصلی شناسایی شد: عادیپنداری خشونت، بوروکراسی فرساینده، ضعف تابآوری و همدلی، تناقض گفتمانی، گذار از پزشکی پدرسالارانه به بیمارمحور، پزشک غایب، بازنمایی رسانهای منفی، فاصلهگذاری پزشکی، شکاف بیاعتمادی، فرسودگی شغلی و دوراهی ترک شغل/مهاجرت. این مقولهها بهعنوان مهمترین زمینههای شکلگیری و بازتولید چرخۀ معیوب پزشکستیزی شناسایی شد<strong>.</strong> براساس نتایج، مقابله با این پدیده نیازمند اصلاحات بنیادین در سیاستگذاری سلامت، حمایت نهادی و مالی از کادر درمان، بازنمایی مثبت جایگاه اجتماعی آنان، جرمانگاری و تدوین قوانین بازدارنده در قبال خشونت، و گذار به الگوهای مشارکتی و جامعهمحور در روابط پزشک _ بیمار است. اتخاذ این اقدامات میتواند تابآوری و همدلی اجتماعی را ارتقا ءدهد و زمینۀ کاهش خشونت در محیطهای درمانی را فراهم کند<strong>.</strong>https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_30131_40c334ed1463a9c44d0702cafe579ee6.pdfدانشگاه اصفهانپژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی3041-862315320260923Israel, Iran, and Peace in the Middle East: An Analysis of Identity Formation, Enemy Construction, and the Logic of Expansionismاسرائیل، ایران و صلح در خاورمیانه، تحلیلی از شکلگیری هویت، دشمنسازی و منطق توسعهطلبی29603008910.22108/srspi.2025.146689.2154FAعلی بابکرفیع پورگروه جامعهشناسی تحول، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه توبینگن، آلمانJournal Article20250916<strong>Introduction</strong>
This article offers a comprehensive analysis of the evolving antagonism between Israel and Iran, integrating political-sociological, historical, and geopolitical perspectives. While the immediate catalyst for this inquiry is Israel's military strike on Iranian territory on 13 June 2025, the study contends that this event is not an isolated episode. Instead, it is a manifestation of deeper structural, discursive, and historical processes that have for centuries shaped collective identities, territorial imaginaries, and strategic conduct. By employing Critical Discourse Analysis alongside historical inquiry and geopolitical theory, the article elucidates how enduring narratives and ideological formations persistently inform contemporary regional dynamics.
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<strong>Materials & Methods</strong>
A core contribution of this study is its historical analysis of the evolution of Jewish identity with specific attention to how the religious and genealogical figure of Jacob—renamed Israel—served as the symbolic and conceptual basis for the territorial construct of the “Land of Israel”. The analysis traces the transformation of this religious concept into a political-territorial claim across successive historical periods. It reconstructs how the nomenclature and administrative classification of the territory evolved under various imperial rulers: from the ancient kingdoms of Israel and Judah through its redesignation as “Palestina” under Roman rule to subsequent Ottoman administrative divisions and finally to the terminological frameworks imposed during the British Mandate. These semantic and bureaucratic shifts demonstrate how imperial naming practices and territorial categorizations have shaped enduring geographical perceptions, nationalist claims, and contested historical narratives that continue to influence contemporary political discourse.
Furthermore, the article engages with a central historiographical debate: why Jewish immigrant communities in the early 20th century were able to rapidly establish functional political institutions, economic infrastructures and robust organizational capacity, while Palestinian society under comparable historical circumstances did not achieve parallel state-building momentum. The analysis explicitly rejects cultural or essentialist explanations for this divergence. Instead, it foregrounds material and structural determinants. Pre-existing Jewish communities possessed considerable organizational capital through transnational networks, substantial international political and financial backing, administrative expertise derived from European contexts, and highly coordinated settlement policies. In contrast, Palestinian society operated under conditions of colonial domination, experienced profound political fragmentation and leadership divisions, faced systematic restrictions on political mobilization, and lacked access to equivalent levels of material and institutional resources. This disparity in foundational conditions created fundamentally uneven capacities for state formation, which critically predetermined the trajectory of subsequent political developments.
<strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusion</strong>
A further central component of this analysis is its exploration of Israel's contemporary political landscape, with specific attention to the ideological and discursive stances concerning the concept of a "Greater Israel". The article delineates the major parties and political blocs, illustrating that while explicit advocacy for territorial expansion is concentrated among far-right factions, expansionist narratives and biblical-historical claims to the land permeate broader segments of the political culture. These narratives not only inform settlement policies and border discourses, but also sustain the construction of Iran as a civilizational adversary whose regional influence is portrayed as a fundamental threat to Israel's long-term territorial and ideological ambitions. The study contends that these narratives constitute a symbolic framework that legitimizes preemptive military actions, diplomatic offensives, and security doctrines predicated on strategic dominance rather than coexistence.
Subsequently, the analysis shifts to Iran's regional posture, arguing that its foreign policy conduct is shaped by decades of geopolitical pressure, external interventions, international sanctions, and perceived security threats. In contrast to common Western and Israeli portrayals of Iran as an inherently expansionist power, the study demonstrates that Iran's strategy is predominantly defensive, anchored in concerns over national sovereignty, deterrence, and the preservation of a multipolar regional order. Iran's alliances, military posturing, and diplomatic initiatives are interpreted as reactive measures to structural insecurity rather than as manifestations of ideological expansionism. Placing Iran's role within a longer historical continuum reveals a foreign policy characterized by strategic continuity, caution, and acute sensitivity to regional power asymmetries.
By integrating historical reconstruction, discourse analysis, and geopolitical interpretation, the study concludes that the Israel–Iran antagonism is sustained by deeply entrenched ideological infrastructures, not merely transient political disputes. Consequently, achieving sustainable peace in West Asia necessitates a transformation of the symbolic and discursive foundations of enmity, a critical reevaluation of territorial mythologies, and a shift from dominance-based security doctrines toward cooperative regional frameworks. Only by addressing these structural dimensions can policymakers envision a durable and equitable security architecture capable of stabilizing bilateral relations and breaking the persistent cycle of fear, mistrust, and conflict that currently defines the region.
مقالۀ حاضر اقدامات اسرائیل را در بازنمایی ایران بهعنوان «تهدیدی وجودی» بررسی میکند و نشان میدهد که دشمنسازی بخشی از راهبرد ژئوپولیتیکی و ایدئولوژیک بلندمدت اسرائیل است. چارچوب نظری پژوهش بر تحلیل گفتمان انتقادی فِرکلاف و نظریۀ میدان و سرمایۀ نمادین بوردیو استوار است. روششناسی تحقیق کیفی و مبتنی بر تحلیل اسناد رسمی، متون سیاسی، گزارشهای راهبردی (مانند یینون و بروکینگز)، و سخنرانیهای مقامات دو کشور است. نتایج نشان میدهد که اسرائیل ازطریق روشهایی چون تبدیل ایران (به قول بوردیو) به دیگریِ تهدیدکننده یعنی خطری برای امنیت و مذهب خود و در پی آن به دنبال مشروعیتزدایی بینالمللی ایران است؛ درحالیکه رفتار ایران عمدتاً واکنشی به تهدیدات واقعی است. مطالعۀ حاضر نتیجه میگیرد که بدون تغییر این ساختارهای گفتمانی و ایدئولوژیک، دستیابی به صلح پایدار در غرب آسیا امکانپذیر نخواهد بود.https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_30089_101f5b5ae7c2892145174e210f7f332b.pdfدانشگاه اصفهانپژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی3041-862315320260923Examining the Relationship between Presence in Cyberspace and Family Performance Using a Meta-Analysis Methodبررسی رابطه بین حضور در فضای مجازی و عملکرد خانواده: به شیوه فراتحلیل61803029610.22108/srspi.2026.146443.2149FAزهرامحربیدانشجوی دکتری گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی، واحد دهاقان، ایرانسید علیهاشمیان فردانشیار گروه علوم اجتماعی دانشکده ادبیات وعلوم انسانی دانشگاه اصفهان، اصفهان، ایرانسید ناصرحجازیاستادیار گروه علوم اجتماعی، دانشکده علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه آزاد اسلامی واحد دهاقان، دهاقان، ایرانJournal Article20251125<strong>Introduction</strong><br />The growth of new technologies, along with the increased use of the Internet and social networks, has significantly impacted family interactions within cyberspace. While these advancements have facilitated relationships by enhancing communication across geographical distances, excessive or imbalanced use of this virtual space has led to a decline in the quality of family interactions and reduced time spent together. Specifically, excessive engagement in cyberspace can diminish face-to-face interactions, lower marital satisfaction, and increase family conflicts. Research highlights that the effects of cyberspace on families are both positive and negative. Some studies reveal benefits, such as enhanced knowledge, greater social interactions, reduced physical distance between couples, and improved communication skills. In contrast, other research points to decreased communication quality, threats to intimacy, and heightened family conflict. Given these mixed findings, it is crucial to conduct an in-depth examination of how the amount and type of cyberspace usage relate to family functioning. Meta-analysis as a comprehensive method can integrate and assess the results of various studies, providing insights into the true effects of cyberspace use on key indicators of family functioning.<br /> <br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Materials & Methods</strong><br />This research employed a meta-analysis method aimed at investigating the relationship between cyberspace presence and its impact on family functioning. For data analysis, effect sizes (r, Cohen’s d) were calculated and combined using the random effects model. Additionally, the average effect estimate and heterogeneity analysis were conducted to identify variations between studies. Subgroup analyses were performed based on the type and amount of cyberspace use. Ultimately, 66 studies focused on the amount of use and 17 studies on the type of use were selected for inclusion.<br /> <br /><strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusion</strong><br />The findings indicated that the combined effect size of the relationship between cyberspace presence—considering the type of usage—and its impact on family functioning was 10%, which was statistically significant at the level of p<0.05p < 0.05p<0.05. However, this value was considered low according to the correlation effect size table (r<0.1). Additionally, the overall effect size for the impact of cyberspace usage on family functioning was found to be -0.274. The results further revealed that the amount of cyberspace use had the most substantial effect on reducing marital satisfaction. This suggested that the degree of use was more influential on couples’ relationships than the type of usage. The findings underscored that the impact of cyberspace on family functioning was determined by both the intensity and duration of use, as well as the nature of activities engaged in online. Excessive use, particularly for entertainment purposes, was linked to significant negative effects on family dynamics. It was clear that social networks presented both opportunities and threats; while they could facilitate social support within families, they might also diminish face-to-face interactions. Embracing the presence of social networks appears inevitable. However, with careful planning and mindful usage, these technologies can serve as tools to strengthen family identity and values. A considerable portion of the reviewed studies highlighted that the psychological consequences of cyberspace usage were crucial for understanding family functioning. The research indicated that increased anxiety, depression, and psychological stress stemming from excessive social media use could undermine family cohesion, intimacy, and overall effectiveness. This pattern was particularly significant in families where one member, especially adolescents, demonstrated high-risk behavior regarding cyberspace usage.امروزه فضای مجازی تأثیر گستردهای بر ابعاد زندگی افراد بهویژه عملکرد آنان در خانواده دارد و ازآنجاییکه خانواده مبنا و بستری است که افراد برای حضور در اجتماع و جامعه نوع عملکردشان را از آن به عاریه میگیرند، بنابراین در این پژوهش تأثیر میزان و نوع استفاده از فضای مجازی بر عملکرد خانواده به شیوۀ فراتحلیل بررسی شد؛ بدین منظور از بین پژوهشهای مرتبط بین سالهای 1390-1401 تعداد 83 پژوهش انتخاب شد که ازنظر روششناختی ملاکهای لازم برای ورود به فراتحلیل را داشتند و با استفاده از روش مقایسهای (همبستگی) نرمافزارCMA-3 تحلیل شدند. یافتهها نشان داد که میزان استفاده از فضای مجازی 274/0و نوع استفاده به میزان 1/0 بر عملکرد خانواده تأثیرگذار است که برحسب جدول تفسیری اندازۀ اثرکوهن میزان استفاده کمتر از متوسط و نوع استفاده به میزان خیلی کم میتواند بر عملکرد کلی خانواده اثرگذار باشد. یافتهها حاکیازآن بود که میزان استفاده از فضای مجازی بیشترین تأثیر را بر کاهش رضایت زناشویی دارد. این یافته نشان میدهد که میزان استفاده از فضای مجازی بیش از هرچیزی بر رابطۀ زوجین تأثیرگذار است؛ علاوهبراین میزان استفاده بسیار بااهمیتتر از نوع استفاده از این فضای مجازی است.https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_30296_e843015d55285d92b06f6bd877a754c9.pdfدانشگاه اصفهانپژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی3041-862315320260923Hopefulness among Student-Teachers: Definitions, Indicators, Barriers, and Strategiesامیدواری میان دانشجو _معلمان: معانی، شاخصهها، موانع و راهکارها811063012810.22108/srspi.2025.146879.2161FAمظهربابائیگروه آموزش ابتدایی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایراننگینقربانیگروه آموزش ابتدایی، دانشکده علوم تربیتی، دانشگاه فرهنگیان، تهران، ایرانJournal Article20251005<strong>Introduction</strong><br />In recent years, escalating economic pressures and psychological stressors have led many students to feel increasingly indifferent or hopeless about their futures. This state of despair can result in harmful thoughts, including suicidal ideation, making the concept of student hope a crucial area for psychological and educational inquiry. While student life offers opportunities for growth, it also generates tensions that threaten motivation and a sense of purpose. Existing quantitative studies often assess hope through numerical indicators or standardized scales. However, the internal mechanisms, by which hope is formed—encompassing its emotional, cognitive, and experiential dimensions—remain underexplored. As a result, educational interventions aimed at fostering hope frequently lack conceptual depth. To address this gap, the current qualitative study sought to explore and elucidate the meanings, characteristics, obstacles, and solutions associated with hope from the perspective of students at Farhangian University in Kurdistan Province for the academic year 1403–1404. By analyzing students' lived experiences and linguistic expressions, the research aimed to uncover the subjective foundations of hope and support the development of sustainable strategies to nurture it in both academic and professional contexts. The study was motivated by observations from both researchers—students and professors actively engaged in university life—who had noted a growing sense of hopelessness among their peers due to economic difficulties and personal pressures.<br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong> </strong><br /><strong>Research Questions</strong><br /><br />What meanings and characteristics does hope hold from student’s perspective?<br />What obstacles do students encounter in building or maintaining hope?<br />What practical solutions and strategies can foster hope among student teachers?<br /><br /> <br /><strong>Materials & Methods</strong><br />This research employed an interpretive qualitative paradigm, utilizing inductive qualitative content analysis. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with 25 participants (17 female, 8 male) enrolled in Primary Education and Education of Children with Special Needs programs. Participants were selected through purposive, criterion-based sampling, requiring prior contemplation of the subject and voluntary consent. Data collection continued until theoretical saturation was reached.<br />The interviews included open-ended questions exploring 4 dimensions: meanings, characteristics, barriers, and strategies related to hope. The data were systematically transcribed and analyzed over several coding stages:<br /><br />Data Preparation and Organization – Transcription and numeric coding<br />Preliminary Review – Repeated readings for familiarization with the data<br />Open Coding – Identification of meaningful phrases (semantic units)<br />Axial Coding – Clustering conceptually similar codes into subcategories, such as internal and external factors affecting hope<br />Selective Coding – Synthesizing subcategories into main themes:<br /><br />Meanings and characteristics of hope<br />Obstacles (internal and external)<br />Solutions and strategies for strengthening hope<br /><br /><br />Constant Comparison and Theoretical Saturation – Ensuring conceptual integrity throughout the analysis<br />Validity and Reliability Control – Being ensured through participant feedback for credibility, confirmability via traceable data sources, and transferability discussed in the conclusion<br /><br />Ethical principles were rigorously upheld, including informed consent, confidentiality, voluntary participation, and the right to withdraw at any time.<br /> <br /><strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusion</strong><br />The findings revealed that hope among student teachers was a fundamental psychological construct crucial to their emotional well-being and professional identity. Participants described hope as both an emotional state and a form of intentional agency, aligning with Snyder’s theory of hope, which integrates “agency” (responsibility and effort) and “pathways” (purposeful direction and strategy).<br />Two key dimensions of hope emerged from the analysis:<br /><br />Individual/Psychological Dimension — This included personal goals, inner peace, life satisfaction, and resilience.<br />Social/Professional Dimension — Here, hope was expressed through social connections, professional motivation, and aspirations for academic or career growth.<br /><br />Participants emphasized that hope was dynamic and actionable, manifesting through behaviors, decision-making, and perseverance. Emotional states, such as peace and happiness, directly enhanced hope, underscoring the affective foundation of this construct.<br />Overall, the study demonstrated that hope served as a multifaceted determinant of success and identity within the educational context, empowering students to envision attainable futures, build resilience against adversity, and maintain motivation through a sense of purpose and agency.<br />Hope among student teachers is a tangible, multidimensional, and dynamic phenomenon that operates across personal, social, and professional spheres. It is not merely optimism, but rather an active orientation toward meaningful goals supported by emotional stability and cognitive clarity. Recognizing and reinforcing hope can therefore serve as a foundation for developing effective educational interventions and promoting positive psychological growth within university environments.هدف پژوهش حاضر، شناسایی معانی، شاخصهها و موانع امیدواری در میان دانشجویان و راهکاریابی برای آن بود. برای دستیابی به این هدف، از پارادایم تفسیری، رویکرد کیفی و روش پژوهش تحلیل محتوای کیفی از نوع پژوهش نظریهای مؤلفهها و ساختارها بهره برده شد. میدان پژوهش شامل دانشجویان دانشگاه فرهنگیان استان کردستان در سال تحصیلی ۱۴۰۴-۱۴۰۳ و ابزار جمعآوری دادهها، مصاحبهنامۀ نیمهساختیافته بود. یافتههای پژوهش در سه گام اصلی حاصل شد: گام نخست، به معانی امیدواری (در ۷ مورد) مانند توانایی ادامۀ زندگی، راه استمرار زندگی، اشتیاق درونی ادامۀ زندگی، تلاش برای دستیابی به هدف و ... و شاخصههای آن میان دانشجو_معلمان (در ۱۱ مورد) مانند اهداف مشخص و ازپیشتعیینشده، نقش امید در تسهیل و تقویت ارتباطات اجتماعی، رضایتمندی از زندگی و آرامش درونی، توانایی انطباق با شرایط جدید، نقش امید در افزایش تابآوری در چالشها، نقش باورها بر امیدبخشی، پایداری و ارزش شغل معلمی و ... پرداخت؛ گام دوم، عوامل و موانع امیدواری میان دانشجو_معلمان (در ۱۱ مورد) مانند نقش عوامل محیطی بر امیدواری دانشجو_معلمان، چالشهای حضور در فضای مدرسه با عنوان معلم کارورز، کمبود آموزشهای کاربردی برای دانشجو_معلمان، شرایط اقتصادی، سختی کار عاملی بر کاهش امید و ... را شناسایی کرد و سرانجام گام سوم، به دنبال راهکارهایی برای افزایش سطح امیدواری میان دانشجو_معلمان (در ۱۱ مورد) مانند: آگاهسازی دانشجویان با برگزاری کلاسهای آموزشی، تغییر نگرش دانشجویان به دانشگاه، افزایش امکانات رفاهی برای دانشجویان، کشف استعدادهای دانشجویان، اصلاح دروس ارائهشده در دانشگاه و ... بود. براساس یافتهها میتوان نتیجه گرفت که مقولۀ امیدواری در میان دانشجو_معلمان دارای فراز و فرودهایی است که عوامل متعددی در آن دخیل هستند؛ اما درنهایت میتوان به این نتیجه دست یافت که سطح امیدواری میان دانشجویان دانشگاه فرهنگیان استان کردستان، باوجود داشتن شغل، سیر نزولی به خود گرفته است؛ زیرا مقولۀ امید، تنها وابسته به شغل نیست. علت اصلی این امر، ترس از پیشبینیناپذیر بودن آینده بود. همچنین دانشجو_معلمان با مسائل متعددی نظیر شرایط اقتصادی نابسامان روبهرو هستند. چالشهایی که دانشجو_معلم با حضور در مدرسه با آن مواجهه میشود نیز، بر سطح امیدواری فرد بیتأثیر نیست؛ بنابراین، بایسته است که تدابیری برای آن سنجیده شود.https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_30128_901da66ac9797aca2b363605151f3770.pdfدانشگاه اصفهانپژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی3041-862315320260923Trauma Formation Process in Orphaned and Under-Supervised Adolescents Residing in Semi-Family Centers in Karaj: A Grounded Theory Approachفرایند شکلگیری آسیبدیدگی نوجوانان بیسرپرست و بدسرپرست مقیم مراکز شبهخانواده در شهر کرج: رویکرد گراندد تئوری1071283009610.22108/srspi.2025.144596.2091FAعلی اصغراسمعیل زادهدانشجوی دکتری جامعهشناسی، مسائل اجتماعی ایران، دانشگاه پیامنور، تهران، ایرانحسن رضایوسفونداستادیار جامعهشناسی، گروه جامعهشناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه پیامنور، تهران، ایرانداریوشرضاپوردانشیار جامعهشناسی، گروه جامعهشناسی، دانشگاه پیامنور، تهران، ایرانحسیننازک تباردانشیار گروه جامعهشناسی، دانشگاه پیامنور، تهران، ایرانJournal Article20250308<strong>Introduction</strong>
Social trauma among orphaned and inadequately supervised adolescents in semi-family (foster care) centers poses a significant challenge to social security, with potential long-term repercussions including mental health disorders, delinquency, identity crises, and erosion of social cohesion. In Iran, family disintegration—stemming from parental addiction, divorce, domestic violence, and structural poverty—often leads to the placement of adolescents aged 12 to 17 years in welfare-operated semi-family centers designed to replicate family environments. However, abrupt separation from their families, weak caregiver attachments, and institutional limitations frequently exacerbate rather than alleviating their trauma. While quantitative studies have documented the prevalence of these issues, there remains a notable gap in qualitative, process-oriented insights into how trauma emerges and intensifies from the perspectives of the adolescents themselves, particularly in urban contexts, such as Karaj, Alborz Province. This grounded theory study aimed to explore the dynamic process of trauma formation, focusing on familial precursors and institutional interactions that transformed individual suffering into broader social vulnerability.
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<strong>Materials & Methods</strong>
This study utilized a qualitative design based on Strauss and Corbin’s (1990) grounded theory methodology. The research population included orphaned and inadequately supervised adolescents living in three semi-family centers managed by the Alborz Province Welfare Organization in Karaj. Purposive sampling was followed by theoretical sampling and continued until theoretical saturation was attained. A total of 17 in-depth semi-structured interviews (9 boys and 8 girls) were conducted, ensuring diverse representation in terms of age, gender, length of stay, and referral pathways. Each interview lasted between 45 to 70 minutes, was audio-recorded with informed consent, fully transcribed, and analyzed by using MAXQDA 2022, following sequential stages of open, axial, and selective coding. To enhance credibility, the study employed developmentally adapted member-checking (using simplified verbal and visual summaries), independent dual coding, a detailed audit trail, prolonged engagement, and reflexive memo writing.
<strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusion</strong>
The analysis identified the "process of trauma formation" as the core category emerging from an interconnected paradigm of conditions, interactions, and consequences. The resulting paradigmatic model is illustrated below:
This model revealed trauma as a cyclical, self-reinforcing process: familial collapse prior to referral initiated the cycle and institutional experiences—such as abrupt separation, weak caregiver bonds, and frequent transfers—tended to amplify, rather than disrupting this cycle. The untreated consequences posed threats to long-term individual functioning and societal security. Semi-family centers designed to be protective environments paradoxically became sites of secondary traumatization when attachment needs were unmet. These findings not only align with international evidence regarding the institutional reinforcement of developmental trauma, but also provide locally relevant insights into Iranian urban contexts. To break this cycle, trauma-informed systemic reform is essential. This includes attachment-focused caregiver training, life skills, and mental health programs within the centers, preventive family support for at-risk households, and inter-institutional coordination between welfare, education, and law enforcement agencies. Only through such integrated, experience-sensitive interventions can semi-family centers evolve from perpetuating trauma to becoming genuine platforms for healing and resilience.آسیبهای اجتماعی نوجوانان بیسرپرست و بدسرپرست بهویژه در مراکز شبهخانواده، یکی از مسائل کلیدی امنیت اجتماعی است که میتواند به اختلالات روانی، بزهکاری و کاهش همبستگی اجتماعی منجر شود. مسئلۀ اصلی این پژوهش، بررسی فرایند شکلگیری آسیبدیدگی نوجوانان (سنین 12 تا 17 سال) در این مراکز است؛ با تمرکز بر زمینههای خانوادگی مانند اعتیاد والدین، طلاق، خشونت خانگی و فقر که اغلب به بیسرپرستی یا بدسرپرستی منجر میشود. این مطالعۀ کیفی با رویکرد گراندد تئوری اشتراوس و کوربین (<strong>1990</strong>) انجام شد و هدف آن کاربردی است. جامعۀ آماری شامل نوجوانان ارجاعشده به مراکز شبهخانوادۀ سازمان بهزیستی استان البرز بود. نمونهگیری هدفمند و نظری تا اشباع نظری ادامه یافت و از مجموع 17 مصاحبۀ نیمهساختاریافته با 9 پسر و 8 دختر (با حداکثر تنوع در سن، جنسیت، مدت اقامت و دلایل ارجاع) استفاده شد. تحلیل دادهها با نرمافزار MAXQDA 2022 در سه مرحلۀ کدگذاری باز، محوری و گزینشی انجام شد. یافتهها در قالب مدل پارادایمی نشان داد که آسیبدیدگی نوجوانان (مقولۀ هسته) نتیجۀ شرایط علّی (بیسرپرستی، بدسرپرستی، خانوادۀ ازهمگسیخته و فقر اقتصادی)، زمینهای (حاشیهنشینی، بیکاری والدین و محلههای جرمخیز) و مداخلهگر (بیماری روانی والدین، عدمپذیرش بستگان و خیانت زناشویی) است. این شرایط به راهبردهایی مانند فرار از منزل یا ارجاع به مراکز منجر میشود و پیامدهایی مانند افسردگی، افت تحصیلی، رفتارهای پرخطر و اختلال کارکردی اجتماعی به دنبال دارد. این آسیبها نهتنها نتیجۀ اختلالات کارکردی است، میتواند باعث تشدید آنها در جامعه شود. پژوهش پیشنهاد میکند که مداخلات حمایتی مبتنی بر تقویت پیوندهای اجتماعی و آموزش مهارتهای زندگی در مراکز شبهخانواده انجام شود تا چرخۀ آسیب کاهش یابد.https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_30096_5da5dd942628ab657aec54e5142b572a.pdfدانشگاه اصفهانپژوهش های راهبردی مسائل اجتماعی3041-862315320260923Transition from Dependency to Active Participation: A Qualitative System Dynamics Model for Productive Agingگذار از وابستگی به مشارکت فعال: مدل پویاییشناسی کیفی سیستم برای سالمندی مولد1291463036510.22108/srspi.2026.147571.2186FAحمیدهنظری ندوشندکتری جمعیتشناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایرانملیحهعلی مندگاریدانشیار جمعیتشناسی، دانشکدۀ علوم اجتماعی، دانشگاه یزد، یزد، ایرانJournal Article20251130
<strong>Introduction</strong>
The global demographic landscape is undergoing a significant transformation characterized by an unprecedented increase in the proportion of older adults. According to international reports, over one billion people worldwide are currently aged 60 and above—a figure projected to exceed 2.1 billion by 2050. Iran is also experiencing a rapid demographic shift toward an older population structure. In 2023, approximately 11% of Iran's population was elderly, a number expected to rise to over 30% within the next three decades. This escalating trend necessitates a proactive and comprehensive approach to healthcare and social planning. The concept of "productive aging" offers a constructive framework for addressing these demographic changes. Emerging in the mid‑1980s, this perspective views older individuals as active contributors to society, who engage in a variety of beneficial activities. It shifts the focus from the dependency of older adults to their constructive participation in families and communities. Older adults represent a vast, underutilized resource that society—particularly in the face of demographic aging—cannot afford to ignore. Fostering productive aging is vital for enhancing their well‑being, alleviating social welfare burdens and leveraging their experience for societal progress. Furthermore, population aging has profound implications across various economic sectors, including the labor market, financial markets, pension systems, human capital, patterns of consumption and savings, government budgets, and overall economic growth. Existing research, particularly in developing nations, often relies on linear models and static relationships. Although international studies have explored conceptual models encompassing the individual, social, and environmental factors that influence productive engagement, a significant research gap persists in Iran regarding dynamic and comprehensive analytical frameworks capable of capturing the intricate interplay of institutional, social, and individual interactions. Previous models have frequently lacked the capacity to track the long-term effects of policies or identify systemic leverage points. This study addressed this gap by employing System Dynamics to develop a conceptual model of constructive engagement among older adults in Iran, offering a nuanced understanding through dynamic system analysis. The primary goal was to enhance the understanding of complex social issues within the context of aging populations and develop a framework capable of modeling the uncertainties, nonlinear effects, and time lags inherent in the pathways of productive aging. This approach represented a core innovation and a key differentiator from previous research that had relied on static and linear models. Accordingly, this study first provided a brief overview of conceptualizations related to constructive engagement among older adults followed by an introduction to the fundamental principles of System Dynamics. Subsequently, the factors influencing constructive engagement among older adults were examined by using a stock-and-flow diagram. The ultimate aim was to develop strategies and policies that enhanced the capacity of aging population for active and effective participation within society.
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<strong>Materials & Methods</strong>
This study employed System Dynamics for qualitative conceptual modeling, a methodology well suited to analyzing complex social systems characterized by feedback structures and nonlinear dynamics. To ensure contextual relevance, the process incorporated Group Model Building. The modeling process consisted of the following four stages:
Problem Definition and Causal Loop Diagram (CLD): Key variables—including "Elderly Human Capital", "Opportunities", and "Organizational Capacity"—were identified. Their causal relationships and feedback loops were then mapped.
Stock and Flow Diagram (SFD): The CLD was translated into a more formal structure representing accumulations ("stocks") and rates of change ("flows"), allowing for the visualization of dynamic system behavior.
Feedback Loop Analysis: The interplay between reinforcing (R) and balancing (B) loops was examined to identify the system's underlying drivers and constraints.
Group Model Building (GMB): The model structure was collaboratively refined using expert insights to ensure it accurately captured the Iranian context. This stage also lay the groundwork for future quantitative analysis.
<strong>Discussion of Results & Conclusion</strong>
The developed system dynamics model highlighted the growing elderly human capital in Iran, which remained significantly underutilized due to limited opportunities, inadequate support, and low organizational capacity. This created a persistent gap between the potential productivity of older adults and its actual realization. The study revealed the critical role of societal attitudes, participation opportunities, and organizational adaptability. These findings underscored the need for performing targeted interventions against age‑based discrimination and promoting elder‑friendly workplaces. The system's behavior—driven by opposing reinforcing and balancing feedback loops—necessitated policies that strengthened participation enablers while simultaneously mitigating existing barriers, thereby ensuring stable growth and avoiding systemic decline. This dynamic conceptual framework served as a foundation for future quantitative simulations and policy development by identifying key leverage points for promoting productive aging. Specifically, the model emphasized that shifting the focus from merely providing support services toward activating the intrinsic capacities of older adults—and creating suitable platforms for their self‑expression—could lead to more sustainable outcomes. Ultimately, attaining a "win‑win" state—in which older adults benefited from meaningful engagement and society gains from their capabilities—represented the ultimate goal of this approach.
در جوامع با روند روبه سالمندی، افراد سالخورده نمایانگر سرمایههای انسانی درخورتوجهی هستند که پتانسیل و تجربیات آنها غالباً بهطور کامل بهرهبرداری نمسشود. کارشناسان حوزۀ سالمندی بر این باورند که سرمایۀ انسانی روبهرشد و تجربیات شغلی و اجتماعی جمعیت سالمند میتواند بهعنوان منبعی ارزشمند برای خانوادهها و جامعه عمل کند؛ علاوهبراین، مشارکت فعال و هدفمند سالمندان میتواند منافع متعددی برای سلامت، رفاه و احساس هدفمندی آنها به همراه داشته باشد. مفهوم «سالمندی مولد» که با هدف تغییر تمرکز از وابستگی سالمندان به مشارکت فعال آنها در خانوادهها و جوامع معرفی شده است، به هرگونه فعالیتی اطلاق میشود که توسط سالمند انجام شده و ازطریق آن، تولید یا خدماتی به جامعه ارائه میگردد. پژوهش حاضر با بهرهگیری از رویکرد پویاییشناسی کیفی سیستمها، چارچوبهای مفهومی موجود در زمینۀ مشارکت مولد سالمندان را ارتقا داده و با استفاده از مجموعهای از متخصصان در حوزههای جمعیتشناسی، اقتصاد و مدلسازان پویاییشناسی سیستم، مدلی کیفی را از مشارکت مولد افراد سالخورده توسعه بخشیده است. درک عمیق روابط پیچیده میان نتایج مرتبط با مشارکت مولد سالمندان و همچنین موانع و تسهیلکنندههای این مشارکت، برای به حداکثر رساندن پتانسیل تولیدی جمعیت سالخورده امری حیاتی است. تاکنون، بیشتر مطالعات به مدلهای خطی و روابط متقابل محدود پرداخته است. حوزۀ پویاییشناسی سیستم، مسیری امیدوارکننده برای درک عمیقتر ساختارهای بازخوردی بین افراد، خانوادهها و جامعه، و همچنین شناسایی و ارزیابی اثرات تغییرات در نقاط اهرمی سیستم و سیاستهای بالقوه برای افزایش فرصتهای مشارکت مولد افراد سالخورده ارائه میدهد. مدل توسعهیافته در این مقاله، تأثیرات متقابل و گستردۀ عوامل خارج از ویژگیهای فردی سالمندان را بهصورت بصری برجسته میسازد؛ برای مثال این مدل، اثرات سیستمی گسترده را ازطریق گسترش برنامههایی که داوطلبان سالمند را درگیر میکند یا افزایش ظرفیت کارفرمایان برای جذب و حفظ نیروی کار سالخورده، نشان میدهد. همچنین، این مدل آشکار میسازد که افزایش جریان سرمایۀ انسانی سالمندان به سمت فعالیتهای مولد به دستیابی به مزایای مثبت فردی، خانوادگی و اجتماعی منجر میشود.https://ssoss.ui.ac.ir/article_30365_37fbd7edd44c29ff8c33545ef5ef3b19.pdf